diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 53c54fc..281ee16 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -56,9 +56,54 @@ iex> result |> Nx.backend_transfer() |> Nx.argmax(axis: 1)
 ```elixir
 def deps do
   [
-    {:ortex, "~> 0.1.10"}
+    {:ortex, "~> 0.2.0-rc.1"}
   ]
 end
 ```
 
 You will need [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install) for compilation to succeed.
+
+## Execution provider features
+
+Ortex relies on `ort` cargo features to compile support for non-CPU execution providers.
+Defaults are OS-specific:
+
+- macOS: `coreml`
+- Windows: `directml`
+- Linux: none (CPU-only)
+
+Override via `ORTEX_FEATURES` as a comma-separated list. For example:
+
+```sh
+ORTEX_FEATURES=cuda,tensorrt mix compile
+```
+
+Enabling GPU providers requires the relevant system toolchains to be installed.
+
+### Packaging and Offline Builds
+
+If you are packaging Ortex with a precompiled NIF, set `ORTEX_SKIP_COMPILE=1` during
+compilation to avoid building the Rust crate. Ensure the NIF (and any required
+`libonnxruntime` binaries) are available in `priv/native` for the target platform.
+
+```sh
+ORTEX_SKIP_COMPILE=1 mix compile
+```
+
+For offline or system-provided ONNX Runtime builds, you can disable downloads and
+link dynamically using a local runtime install:
+
+```sh
+ORTEX_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=1 \
+ORT_PREFER_DYNAMIC_LINK=1 \
+ORT_LIB_LOCATION=/path/to/onnxruntime/lib \
+mix compile
+```
+
+If your package provides `libonnxruntime.pc`, enable pkg-config lookup:
+
+```sh
+ORTEX_FEATURES=pkg-config \
+PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/path/to/onnxruntime/lib/pkgconfig \
+mix compile
+```
diff --git a/config/config.exs b/config/config.exs
index f693371..55282c4 100644
--- a/config/config.exs
+++ b/config/config.exs
@@ -8,11 +8,18 @@ config :ortex,
 
 # Set the cargo feature flags required to use the matching execution provider
 # based on the OS we're running on
-ortex_features =
+default_ortex_features =
   case :os.type() do
     {:win32, _} -> ["directml"]
     {:unix, :darwin} -> ["coreml"]
-    {:unix, _} -> ["cuda", "tensorrt"]
+    {:unix, _} -> []
+  end
+
+ortex_features =
+  case System.get_env("ORTEX_FEATURES") do
+    nil -> default_ortex_features
+    "" -> []
+    features -> String.split(features, ",", trim: true)
   end
 
 config :ortex, Ortex.Native, features: ortex_features
diff --git a/lib/ortex/backend.ex b/lib/ortex/backend.ex
index 379330e..27ee488 100644
--- a/lib/ortex/backend.ex
+++ b/lib/ortex/backend.ex
@@ -60,34 +60,38 @@ defmodule Ortex.Backend do
 
   @impl true
   def backend_transfer(tensor, backend, opts) do
-    backend.from_binary(tensor, to_binary(tensor), opts)
-  end
-
-  defp to_binary(%T{data: %{ref: tensor}}) do
-    # filling the bits and limits with 0 since we aren't using them right now
-    Ortex.Native.to_binary(tensor, 0, 0)
+    backend.from_binary(tensor, to_binary(tensor, 0), opts)
   end
 
   @impl true
   def inspect(%T{} = tensor, inspect_opts) do
-    limit = if inspect_opts.limit == :infinity, do: :infinity, else: inspect_opts.limit + 1
+    limit =
+      case inspect_opts.limit do
+        :infinity -> Nx.size(tensor)
+        value -> min(value + 1, Nx.size(tensor))
+      end
 
     tensor
-    |> to_binary(min(limit, Nx.size(tensor)))
+    |> to_binary(limit)
     |> then(&Nx.Backend.inspect(tensor, &1, inspect_opts))
     |> maybe_add_signature(tensor)
   end
 
   @impl true
   def slice(out, %T{data: %B{ref: tensor_ref}}, start_indicies, lengths, strides) do
-    r = Ortex.Native.slice(tensor_ref, start_indicies, lengths, strides)
-    put_in(out.data, %B{ref: r})
+    case Ortex.Native.slice(tensor_ref, start_indicies, lengths, strides) do
+      {:error, msg} -> raise msg
+      res -> put_in(out.data, %B{ref: res})
+    end
   end
 
   @impl true
   def reshape(out, %T{data: %B{ref: ref}}) do
     shape = Nx.shape(out) |> Tuple.to_list()
-    put_in(out.data, %B{ref: Ortex.Native.reshape(ref, shape)})
+    case Ortex.Native.reshape(ref, shape) do
+      {:error, msg} -> raise msg
+      res -> put_in(out.data, %B{ref: res})
+    end
   end
 
   @impl true
@@ -102,7 +106,14 @@ defmodule Ortex.Backend do
         out
         | shape: new_shape,
           names: new_names,
-          data: %B{ref: Ortex.Native.reshape(ref, new_shape |> Tuple.to_list())}
+          data:
+            %B{
+              ref:
+                case Ortex.Native.reshape(ref, new_shape |> Tuple.to_list()) do
+                  {:error, msg} -> raise msg
+                  res -> res
+                end
+            }
       }
     end
   end
@@ -121,7 +132,10 @@ defmodule Ortex.Backend do
 
     type = out.type
 
-    %{out | data: %B{ref: Ortex.Native.concatenate(tensor_refs, type, axis)}}
+    case Ortex.Native.concatenate(tensor_refs, type, axis) do
+      {:error, msg} -> raise msg
+      res -> %{out | data: %B{ref: res}}
+    end
   end
 
   if Application.compile_env(:ortex, :add_backend_on_inspect, true) do
diff --git a/lib/ortex/native.ex b/lib/ortex/native.ex
index ee16c07..f9e652b 100644
--- a/lib/ortex/native.ex
+++ b/lib/ortex/native.ex
@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
 defmodule Ortex.Native do
   @moduledoc false
 
-  @rustler_version Application.spec(:rustler, :vsn) |> to_string() |> Version.parse!()
+  @skip_compile? (case System.get_env("ORTEX_SKIP_COMPILE") do
+                    nil -> false
+                    value -> String.downcase(value) in ["1", "true", "yes", "on"]
+                  end)
+  @skip_download? (case System.get_env("ORTEX_SKIP_DOWNLOAD") do
+                     nil -> false
+                     value -> String.downcase(value) in ["1", "true", "yes", "on"]
+                   end)
 
   # We have to compile the crate before `use Rustler` compiles the crate since
   # cargo downloads the onnxruntime shared libraries and they are not available
   # to load or copy into Elixir's during the on_load or Elixir compile steps.
   # In the future, this may be configurable in Rustler.
-  if Version.compare(@rustler_version, "0.30.0") in [:gt, :eq] do
-    Rustler.Compiler.compile_crate(:ortex, Application.compile_env(:ortex, __MODULE__, []),
-      otp_app: :ortex,
-      crate: :ortex
-    )
-  else
-    Rustler.Compiler.compile_crate(__MODULE__, otp_app: :ortex, crate: :ortex)
+  if not @skip_compile? do
+    if @skip_download? do
+      System.put_env("ORT_SKIP_DOWNLOAD", "1")
+    end
+
+    rustler_version =
+      Application.spec(:rustler, :vsn)
+      |> to_string()
+      |> Version.parse!()
+
+    if Version.compare(rustler_version, "0.30.0") in [:gt, :eq] do
+      Rustler.Compiler.compile_crate(:ortex, Application.compile_env(:ortex, __MODULE__, []),
+        otp_app: :ortex,
+        crate: :ortex
+      )
+    else
+      Rustler.Compiler.compile_crate(__MODULE__, otp_app: :ortex, crate: :ortex)
+    end
   end
 
   Ortex.Util.copy_ort_libs()
diff --git a/lib/ortex/serving.ex b/lib/ortex/serving.ex
index 55ca37d..6c8970c 100644
--- a/lib/ortex/serving.ex
+++ b/lib/ortex/serving.ex
@@ -59,15 +59,28 @@ defmodule Ortex.Serving do
   @behaviour Nx.Serving
 
   @impl true
-  def init(_inline_or_process, model, [_defn_options]) do
+  def init(_inline_or_process, model, defn_options) when is_list(defn_options) do
+    defn_options =
+      Enum.map(defn_options, fn opts ->
+        opts = if is_list(opts), do: opts, else: []
+        Keyword.put_new(opts, :compiler, Nx.Defn.Evaluator)
+      end)
+
     func = fn x -> Ortex.run(model, x) end
-    {:ok, func}
+    {:ok, {func, defn_options}}
   end
 
   @impl true
-  def handle_batch(batch, _partition, function) do
-    # A hack to move the back into a tensor for Ortex
-    out = function.(Nx.Defn.jit_apply(&Function.identity/1, [batch]))
-    {:execute, fn -> {out, :server_info} end, function}
+  def handle_batch(batch, partition, {function, defn_options}) do
+    opts = Enum.at(defn_options, partition) || []
+
+    materialized =
+      case batch do
+        %Nx.Batch{} -> Nx.Defn.jit_apply(&Function.identity/1, [batch], opts)
+        _ -> batch
+      end
+
+    out = function.(materialized)
+    {:execute, fn -> {out, :server_info} end, {function, defn_options}}
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/ortex/util.ex b/lib/ortex/util.ex
index 2914943..52528d7 100644
--- a/lib/ortex/util.ex
+++ b/lib/ortex/util.ex
@@ -5,31 +5,122 @@ defmodule Ortex.Util do
     Elixir can use
   """
   def copy_ort_libs() do
+    suppress_warning? = suppress_copy_warning?()
     build_root = Path.absname(:code.priv_dir(:ortex)) |> Path.dirname()
+    ort_lib_location = System.get_env("ORT_LIB_LOCATION")
+    destination_dir = Path.join([:code.priv_dir(:ortex), "native"])
+    File.mkdir_p!(destination_dir)
 
-    rust_env =
-      case Path.join([build_root, "native/ortex/release"]) |> File.ls() do
-        {:ok, _} -> "release"
-        _ -> "debug"
-      end
-
-    # where the libonnxruntime files are stored
-    rust_path = Path.join([build_root, "native/ortex", rust_env])
+    search_patterns =
+      [build_root, find_project_root(build_root), find_project_root(File.cwd!())]
+      |> Enum.reject(&is_nil/1)
+      |> Enum.uniq()
+      |> Enum.flat_map(&patterns_for_root/1)
+      |> Enum.concat(ort_lib_location_patterns(ort_lib_location))
+      |> Enum.uniq()
 
     onnx_runtime_paths =
+      search_patterns
+      |> Enum.flat_map(&Path.wildcard/1)
+      |> Enum.uniq()
+
+    existing = Path.wildcard(lib_glob(destination_dir))
+
+    cond do
+      onnx_runtime_paths == [] and existing != [] ->
+        :ok
+
+      onnx_runtime_paths == [] and not is_nil(ort_lib_location) ->
+        raise """
+        Unable to locate libonnxruntime binaries.
+        ORT_LIB_LOCATION: #{ort_lib_location}
+        Searched: #{Enum.join(search_patterns, ", ")}
+        Destination: #{destination_dir}
+        """
+
+      onnx_runtime_paths == [] and (test_env?() or suppress_warning?) ->
+        :ok
+
+      onnx_runtime_paths == [] ->
+        :ok
+
+      true ->
+        Enum.each(onnx_runtime_paths, fn path ->
+          File.cp!(path, Path.join([destination_dir, Path.basename(path)]))
+        end)
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp patterns_for_root(root) do
+    [
+      Path.join([root, "native/ortex/release"]),
+      Path.join([root, "native/ortex/debug"]),
+      Path.join([root, "native/ortex/target/release"]),
+      Path.join([root, "native/ortex/target/debug"]),
+      Path.join([root, "native/ortex/target", "**"])
+    ]
+    |> Enum.map(&lib_glob/1)
+  end
+
+  defp ort_lib_location_patterns(nil), do: []
+
+  defp ort_lib_location_patterns(path) do
+    expanded = Path.expand(path)
+
+    if File.dir?(expanded) do
+      [expanded, Path.join(expanded, "lib"), Path.join(expanded, "lib64")]
+      |> Enum.filter(&File.dir?/1)
+      |> Enum.map(&lib_glob/1)
+    else
+      [expanded]
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp lib_glob(base) do
+    suffix =
       case :os.type() do
-        {:win32, _} -> Path.join([rust_path, "libonnxruntime*.dll*"])
-        {:unix, :darwin} -> Path.join([rust_path, "libonnxruntime*.dylib*"])
-        {:unix, _} -> Path.join([rust_path, "libonnxruntime*.so*"])
+        {:win32, _} -> "libonnxruntime*.dll*"
+        {:unix, :darwin} -> "libonnxruntime*.dylib*"
+        {:unix, _} -> "libonnxruntime*.so*"
       end
-      |> Path.wildcard()
 
-    # where we need to copy the paths
-    destination_dir = Path.join([:code.priv_dir(:ortex), "native"])
+    Path.join([base, suffix])
+  end
+
+  defp find_project_root(path) do
+    expanded = Path.expand(path)
+
+    cond do
+      File.exists?(Path.join(expanded, "mix.exs")) ->
+        expanded
+
+      expanded == Path.dirname(expanded) ->
+        nil
+
+      true ->
+        find_project_root(Path.dirname(expanded))
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp test_env?() do
+    cond do
+      Code.ensure_loaded?(Mix) and function_exported?(Mix, :env, 0) ->
+        Mix.env() == :test
+
+      true ->
+        System.get_env("MIX_ENV") == "test"
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp suppress_copy_warning?() do
+    truthy_env?("ORTEX_SKIP_COMPILE") or truthy_env?("ORTEX_SKIP_DOWNLOAD") or
+      truthy_env?("ORT_PREFER_DYNAMIC_LINK")
+  end
 
-    onnx_runtime_paths
-    |> Enum.map(fn x ->
-      File.cp!(x, Path.join([destination_dir, Path.basename(x)]))
-    end)
+  defp truthy_env?(name) do
+    case System.get_env(name) do
+      nil -> false
+      value -> String.downcase(value) in ["1", "true", "yes", "on"]
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/mix.exs b/mix.exs
index 0ff357e..7583fc5 100644
--- a/mix.exs
+++ b/mix.exs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ defmodule Ortex.MixProject do
   def project do
     [
       app: :ortex,
-      version: "0.1.10",
+      version: "0.2.0-rc.1",
       elixir: "~> 1.14",
       start_permanent: Mix.env() == :prod,
       deps: deps(),
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ defmodule Ortex.MixProject do
   # Run "mix help deps" to learn about dependencies.
   defp deps do
     [
-      {:rustler, "~> 0.27"},
-      {:nx, "~> 0.6"},
-      {:tokenizers, "~> 0.4", only: :dev},
+      {:rustler, "~> 0.37"},
+      {:nx, "~> 0.10"},
+      {:tokenizers, "~> 0.5", only: :dev},
       {:ex_doc, "0.29.4", only: :dev, runtime: false},
-      {:exla, "~> 0.6", only: :dev},
-      {:torchx, "~> 0.6", only: :dev}
+      {:exla, "~> 0.10", only: :dev},
+      {:torchx, "~> 0.10", only: :dev}
     ]
   end
 
diff --git a/mix.lock b/mix.lock
index 8b9284d..16bbd71 100644
--- a/mix.lock
+++ b/mix.lock
@@ -1,30 +1,22 @@
 %{
-  "axon": {:hex, :axon, "0.5.1", "1ae3a2193df45e51fca912158320b2ca87cb7fba4df242bd3ebe245504d0ea1a", [:mix], [{:kino, "~> 0.7", [hex: :kino, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}, {:kino_vega_lite, "~> 0.1.7", [hex: :kino_vega_lite, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}, {:nx, "~> 0.5.0", [hex: :nx, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:table_rex, "~> 3.1.1", [hex: :table_rex, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "d36f2a11c34c6c2b458f54df5c71ffdb7ed91c6a9ccd908faba909c84cc6a38e"},
-  "axon_onnx": {:hex, :axon_onnx, "0.4.0", "7be4b5ac7a44340ec65eb59c24122a8fe2aa8105da33b3321a378b455a6cd9c6", [:mix], [{:axon, "~> 0.5", [hex: :axon, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nx, "~> 0.5", [hex: :nx, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:protox, "~> 1.6.10", [hex: :protox, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "b98c84e5656caf156ef8998296836349a62bc35598f05cc21eececbbef022d09"},
-  "castore": {:hex, :castore, "1.0.4", "ff4d0fb2e6411c0479b1d965a814ea6d00e51eb2f58697446e9c41a97d940b28", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "9418c1b8144e11656f0be99943db4caf04612e3eaecefb5dae9a2a87565584f8"},
-  "cc_precompiler": {:hex, :cc_precompiler, "0.1.7", "77de20ac77f0e53f20ca82c563520af0237c301a1ec3ab3bc598e8a96c7ee5d9", [:mix], [{:elixir_make, "~> 0.7.3", [hex: :elixir_make, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "2768b28bf3c2b4f788c995576b39b8cb5d47eb788526d93bd52206c1d8bf4b75"},
-  "complex": {:hex, :complex, "0.5.0", "af2d2331ff6170b61bb738695e481b27a66780e18763e066ee2cd863d0b1dd92", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "2683bd3c184466cfb94fad74cbfddfaa94b860e27ad4ca1bffe3bff169d91ef1"},
-  "decimal": {:hex, :decimal, "2.1.1", "5611dca5d4b2c3dd497dec8f68751f1f1a54755e8ed2a966c2633cf885973ad6", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "53cfe5f497ed0e7771ae1a475575603d77425099ba5faef9394932b35020ffcc"},
-  "dll_loader_helper": {:hex, :dll_loader_helper, "1.1.0", "e7d015e980942a0d67e306827ec907e7e853a21186bd92bb968d986698591a0f", [:mix], [{:dll_loader_helper_beam, "~> 1.1", [hex: :dll_loader_helper_beam, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "2b6c11ee7bb48f6a132ce8f872202f9e828c019988da1e2d40ad41496195df0c"},
-  "dll_loader_helper_beam": {:hex, :dll_loader_helper_beam, "1.2.0", "557c43befb8e3b119b718da302adccde3bd855acdb999498a14a2a8d2814b8b9", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "a2115d4bf1cca488a7b33f3c648847f64019b32c0382d10286d84dd5c3cbc0e5"},
-  "earmark_parser": {:hex, :earmark_parser, "1.4.32", "fa739a0ecfa34493de19426681b23f6814573faee95dfd4b4aafe15a7b5b32c6", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "b8b0dd77d60373e77a3d7e8afa598f325e49e8663a51bcc2b88ef41838cca755"},
-  "elixir_make": {:hex, :elixir_make, "0.7.7", "7128c60c2476019ed978210c245badf08b03dbec4f24d05790ef791da11aa17c", [:mix], [{:castore, "~> 0.1 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :castore, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "5bc19fff950fad52bbe5f211b12db9ec82c6b34a9647da0c2224b8b8464c7e6c"},
-  "erlex": {:hex, :erlex, "0.2.6", "c7987d15e899c7a2f34f5420d2a2ea0d659682c06ac607572df55a43753aa12e", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "2ed2e25711feb44d52b17d2780eabf998452f6efda104877a3881c2f8c0c0c75"},
+  "castore": {:hex, :castore, "1.0.17", "4f9770d2d45fbd91dcf6bd404cf64e7e58fed04fadda0923dc32acca0badffa2", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "12d24b9d80b910dd3953e165636d68f147a31db945d2dcb9365e441f8b5351e5"},
+  "complex": {:hex, :complex, "0.6.0", "b0130086a7a8c33574d293b2e0e250f4685580418eac52a5658a4bd148f3ccf1", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "0a5fa95580dcaf30fcd60fe1aaf24327c0fe401e98c24d892e172e79498269f9"},
+  "earmark_parser": {:hex, :earmark_parser, "1.4.44", "f20830dd6b5c77afe2b063777ddbbff09f9759396500cdbe7523efd58d7a339c", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "4778ac752b4701a5599215f7030989c989ffdc4f6df457c5f36938cc2d2a2750"},
+  "elixir_make": {:hex, :elixir_make, "0.9.0", "6484b3cd8c0cee58f09f05ecaf1a140a8c97670671a6a0e7ab4dc326c3109726", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "db23d4fd8b757462ad02f8aa73431a426fe6671c80b200d9710caf3d1dd0ffdb"},
   "ex_doc": {:hex, :ex_doc, "0.29.4", "6257ecbb20c7396b1fe5accd55b7b0d23f44b6aa18017b415cb4c2b91d997729", [:mix], [{:earmark_parser, "~> 1.4.31", [hex: :earmark_parser, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:makeup_elixir, "~> 0.14", [hex: :makeup_elixir, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:makeup_erlang, "~> 0.1", [hex: :makeup_erlang, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "2c6699a737ae46cb61e4ed012af931b57b699643b24dabe2400a8168414bc4f5"},
-  "exla": {:hex, :exla, "0.6.1", "a4400933a04d018c5fb508c75a080c73c3c1986f6c16a79bbfee93ba22830d4d", [:make, :mix], [{:elixir_make, "~> 0.6", [hex: :elixir_make, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nx, "~> 0.6.1", [hex: :nx, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:telemetry, "~> 0.4.0 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :telemetry, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:xla, "~> 0.5.0", [hex: :xla, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "f0e95b0f91a937030cf9fcbe900c9d26933cb31db2a26dfc8569aa239679e6d4"},
-  "jason": {:hex, :jason, "1.4.1", "af1504e35f629ddcdd6addb3513c3853991f694921b1b9368b0bd32beb9f1b63", [:mix], [{:decimal, "~> 1.0 or ~> 2.0", [hex: :decimal, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "fbb01ecdfd565b56261302f7e1fcc27c4fb8f32d56eab74db621fc154604a7a1"},
-  "makeup": {:hex, :makeup, "1.1.0", "6b67c8bc2882a6b6a445859952a602afc1a41c2e08379ca057c0f525366fc3ca", [:mix], [{:nimble_parsec, "~> 1.2.2 or ~> 1.3", [hex: :nimble_parsec, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "0a45ed501f4a8897f580eabf99a2e5234ea3e75a4373c8a52824f6e873be57a6"},
-  "makeup_elixir": {:hex, :makeup_elixir, "0.16.1", "cc9e3ca312f1cfeccc572b37a09980287e243648108384b97ff2b76e505c3555", [:mix], [{:makeup, "~> 1.0", [hex: :makeup, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nimble_parsec, "~> 1.2.3 or ~> 1.3", [hex: :nimble_parsec, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "e127a341ad1b209bd80f7bd1620a15693a9908ed780c3b763bccf7d200c767c6"},
-  "makeup_erlang": {:hex, :makeup_erlang, "0.1.1", "3fcb7f09eb9d98dc4d208f49cc955a34218fc41ff6b84df7c75b3e6e533cc65f", [:mix], [{:makeup, "~> 1.0", [hex: :makeup, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "174d0809e98a4ef0b3309256cbf97101c6ec01c4ab0b23e926a9e17df2077cbb"},
-  "nimble_parsec": {:hex, :nimble_parsec, "1.3.1", "2c54013ecf170e249e9291ed0a62e5832f70a476c61da16f6aac6dca0189f2af", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "2682e3c0b2eb58d90c6375fc0cc30bc7be06f365bf72608804fb9cffa5e1b167"},
-  "nx": {:hex, :nx, "0.6.2", "f1d137f477b1a6f84f8db638f7a6d5a0f8266caea63c9918aa4583db38ebe1d6", [:mix], [{:complex, "~> 0.5", [hex: :complex, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:telemetry, "~> 0.4.0 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :telemetry, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "ac913b68d53f25f6eb39bddcf2d2cd6ea2e9bcb6f25cf86a79e35d0411ba96ad"},
-  "protox": {:hex, :protox, "1.6.10", "41d0b0c5b9190e7d5e6a2b1a03a09257ead6f3d95e6a0cf8b81430b526126908", [:mix], [{:decimal, "~> 1.9 or ~> 2.0", [hex: :decimal, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:jason, "~> 1.2", [hex: :jason, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "9769fca26ae7abfc5cc61308a1e8d9e2400ff89a799599cee7930d21132832d9"},
-  "rustler": {:hex, :rustler, "0.29.1", "880f20ae3027bd7945def6cea767f5257bc926f33ff50c0d5d5a5315883c084d", [:mix], [{:jason, "~> 1.0", [hex: :jason, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:toml, "~> 0.6", [hex: :toml, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "109497d701861bfcd26eb8f5801fe327a8eef304f56a5b63ef61151ff44ac9b6"},
-  "rustler_precompiled": {:hex, :rustler_precompiled, "0.7.0", "5d0834fc06dbc76dd1034482f17b1797df0dba9b491cef8bb045fcaca94bcade", [:mix], [{:castore, "~> 0.1 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :castore, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:rustler, "~> 0.23", [hex: :rustler, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "fdf43a6835f4e4de5bfbc4c019bfb8c46d124bd4635fefa3e20d9a2bbbec1512"},
-  "telemetry": {:hex, :telemetry, "1.2.1", "68fdfe8d8f05a8428483a97d7aab2f268aaff24b49e0f599faa091f1d4e7f61c", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "dad9ce9d8effc621708f99eac538ef1cbe05d6a874dd741de2e689c47feafed5"},
-  "tokenizers": {:hex, :tokenizers, "0.4.0", "140283ca74a971391ddbd83cd8cbdb9bd03736f37a1b6989b82d245a95e1eb97", [:mix], [{:castore, "~> 0.1 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :castore, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:rustler, ">= 0.0.0", [hex: :rustler, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}, {:rustler_precompiled, "~> 0.6", [hex: :rustler_precompiled, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "ef1a9824f5a893cd3b831c0e5b3d72caa250d2ec462035cc6afef6933b13a82e"},
-  "toml": {:hex, :toml, "0.7.0", "fbcd773caa937d0c7a02c301a1feea25612720ac3fa1ccb8bfd9d30d822911de", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "0690246a2478c1defd100b0c9b89b4ea280a22be9a7b313a8a058a2408a2fa70"},
-  "torchx": {:hex, :torchx, "0.6.1", "2a9862ebc4b397f42c51f0fa3f9f4e3451a83df6fba42882f8523cbc925c8ae1", [:make, :mix], [{:dll_loader_helper, "~> 0.1 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :dll_loader_helper, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:elixir_make, "~> 0.6", [hex: :elixir_make, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nx, "~> 0.6.1", [hex: :nx, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "99b3fc73b52d6cfbe5cad8bdd74277ddc99297ce8fc6765b1dabec80681e8d9d"},
-  "useful": {:hex, :useful, "1.11.0", "b2d89223563c3354fd56f4da75b63f07f52cb32b243289a7f1fcc37869bcf9c2", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "2e5b2a47acc191bfb38e936f5f1bc57dad3b11133e0defe59a32fda10ebafcff"},
-  "xla": {:hex, :xla, "0.5.1", "8ba4c2c51c1a708ff54e9d4f88158c1a75b7f2cb3e5db02bf222b5b3852afffd", [:make, :mix], [{:elixir_make, "~> 0.4", [hex: :elixir_make, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "82a2490f6e9a76c8a29d1aedb47f07c59e3d5081095eac5a74db34d46c8212bc"},
+  "exla": {:hex, :exla, "0.10.0", "93e7d75a774fbc06ce05b96de20c4b01bda413b315238cb3c727c09a05d2bc3a", [:make, :mix], [{:elixir_make, "~> 0.6", [hex: :elixir_make, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:fine, "~> 0.1.0", [hex: :fine, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nimble_pool, "~> 1.0", [hex: :nimble_pool, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nx, "~> 0.10.0", [hex: :nx, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:telemetry, "~> 0.4.0 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :telemetry, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:xla, "~> 0.9.0", [hex: :xla, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "16fffdb64667d7f0a3bc683fdcd2792b143a9b345e4b1f1d5cd50330c63d8119"},
+  "fine": {:hex, :fine, "0.1.4", "b19a89c1476c7c57afb5f9314aed5960b5bc95d5277de4cb5ee8e1d1616ce379", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "be3324cc454a42d80951cf6023b9954e9ff27c6daa255483b3e8d608670303f5"},
+  "jason": {:hex, :jason, "1.4.4", "b9226785a9aa77b6857ca22832cffa5d5011a667207eb2a0ad56adb5db443b8a", [:mix], [{:decimal, "~> 1.0 or ~> 2.0", [hex: :decimal, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "c5eb0cab91f094599f94d55bc63409236a8ec69a21a67814529e8d5f6cc90b3b"},
+  "makeup": {:hex, :makeup, "1.2.1", "e90ac1c65589ef354378def3ba19d401e739ee7ee06fb47f94c687016e3713d1", [:mix], [{:nimble_parsec, "~> 1.4", [hex: :nimble_parsec, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "d36484867b0bae0fea568d10131197a4c2e47056a6fbe84922bf6ba71c8d17ce"},
+  "makeup_elixir": {:hex, :makeup_elixir, "0.16.2", "627e84b8e8bf22e60a2579dad15067c755531fea049ae26ef1020cad58fe9578", [:mix], [{:makeup, "~> 1.0", [hex: :makeup, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:nimble_parsec, "~> 1.2.3 or ~> 1.3", [hex: :nimble_parsec, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "41193978704763f6bbe6cc2758b84909e62984c7752b3784bd3c218bb341706b"},
+  "makeup_erlang": {:hex, :makeup_erlang, "0.1.5", "e0ff5a7c708dda34311f7522a8758e23bfcd7d8d8068dc312b5eb41c6fd76eba", [:mix], [{:makeup, "~> 1.0", [hex: :makeup, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "94d2e986428585a21516d7d7149781480013c56e30c6a233534bedf38867a59a"},
+  "nimble_parsec": {:hex, :nimble_parsec, "1.4.2", "8efba0122db06df95bfaa78f791344a89352ba04baedd3849593bfce4d0dc1c6", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "4b21398942dda052b403bbe1da991ccd03a053668d147d53fb8c4e0efe09c973"},
+  "nimble_pool": {:hex, :nimble_pool, "1.1.0", "bf9c29fbdcba3564a8b800d1eeb5a3c58f36e1e11d7b7fb2e084a643f645f06b", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "af2e4e6b34197db81f7aad230c1118eac993acc0dae6bc83bac0126d4ae0813a"},
+  "nx": {:hex, :nx, "0.10.0", "128e4a094cb790f663e20e1334b127c1f2a4df54edfb8b13c22757ec33133b4f", [:mix], [{:complex, "~> 0.6", [hex: :complex, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:telemetry, "~> 0.4.0 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :telemetry, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "3db8892c124aeee091df0e6fbf8e5bf1b81f502eb0d4f5ba63e6378ebcae7da4"},
+  "rustler": {:hex, :rustler, "0.37.1", "721434020c7f6f8e1cdc57f44f75c490435b01de96384f8ccb96043f12e8a7e0", [:mix], [{:jason, "~> 1.0", [hex: :jason, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "24547e9b8640cf00e6a2071acb710f3e12ce0346692e45098d84d45cdb54fd79"},
+  "rustler_precompiled": {:hex, :rustler_precompiled, "0.8.4", "700a878312acfac79fb6c572bb8b57f5aae05fe1cf70d34b5974850bbf2c05bf", [:mix], [{:castore, "~> 0.1 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :castore, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:rustler, "~> 0.23", [hex: :rustler, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm", "3b33d99b540b15f142ba47944f7a163a25069f6d608783c321029bc1ffb09514"},
+  "telemetry": {:hex, :telemetry, "1.3.0", "fedebbae410d715cf8e7062c96a1ef32ec22e764197f70cda73d82778d61e7a2", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "7015fc8919dbe63764f4b4b87a95b7c0996bd539e0d499be6ec9d7f3875b79e6"},
+  "tokenizers": {:hex, :tokenizers, "0.5.1", "b0975d92b4ee5b18e8f47b5d65b9d5f1e583d9130189b1a2620401af4e7d4b35", [:mix], [{:castore, "~> 0.1 or ~> 1.0", [hex: :castore, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:rustler, ">= 0.0.0", [hex: :rustler, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}, {:rustler_precompiled, "~> 0.6", [hex: :rustler_precompiled, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "5f08d97cc7f2ed3d71d370d68120da6d3de010948ccf676c9c0eb591ba4bacc9"},
+  "torchx": {:hex, :torchx, "0.10.2", "4b8529bfc4b0e641232497c99ef6d2508e652198840b212373333361352f0bae", [:mix], [{:nx, "~> 0.10.0", [hex: :nx, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "cad541c64df8ddcbf50d9b0f212961632361a03050c8e01493f0fc8d4fed96d9"},
+  "xla": {:hex, :xla, "0.9.1", "cca0040ff94902764007a118871bfc667f1a0085d4a5074533a47d6b58bec61e", [:make, :mix], [{:elixir_make, "~> 0.4", [hex: :elixir_make, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "eb5e443ae5391b1953f253e051f2307bea183b59acee138053a9300779930daf"},
 }
diff --git a/native/ortex/Cargo.lock b/native/ortex/Cargo.lock
index cd74a84..4b0782f 100644
--- a/native/ortex/Cargo.lock
+++ b/native/ortex/Cargo.lock
@@ -1,54 +1,30 @@
 # This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
-version = 3
-
-[[package]]
-name = "adler"
-version = "1.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "aho-corasick"
-version = "0.7.20"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc936419f96fa211c1b9166887b38e5e40b19958e5b895be7c1f93adec7071ac"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
+version = 4
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
+checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
-version = "0.21.7"
+version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d297deb1925b89f2ccc13d7635fa0714f12c87adce1c75356b39ca9b7178567"
+checksum = "72b3254f16251a8381aa12e40e3c4d2f0199f8c6508fbecb9d91f575e0fbb8c6"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "1.3.2"
+name = "base64ct"
+version = "1.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+checksum = "2af50177e190e07a26ab74f8b1efbfe2ef87da2116221318cb1c2e82baf7de06"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
+version = "2.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "block-buffer"
-version = "0.10.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
-dependencies = [
- "generic-array",
-]
+checksum = "812e12b5285cc515a9c72a5c1d3b6d46a19dac5acfef5265968c166106e31dd3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
@@ -56,218 +32,229 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bytes"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b35204fbdc0b3f4446b89fc1ac2cf84a8a68971995d0bf2e925ec7cd960f9cb3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.0.83"
+version = "1.2.55"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f1174fb0b6ec23863f8b971027804a42614e347eafb0a95bf0b12cdae21fc4d0"
+checksum = "47b26a0954ae34af09b50f0de26458fa95369a0d478d8236d3f93082b219bd29"
 dependencies = [
- "libc",
+ "find-msvc-tools",
+ "shlex",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
+checksum = "9330f8b2ff13f34540b44e946ef35111825727b38d33286ef986142615121801"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.12"
+name = "core-foundation"
+version = "0.9.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "53fe5e26ff1b7aef8bca9c6080520cfb8d9333c7568e1829cef191a9723e5504"
+checksum = "91e195e091a93c46f7102ec7818a2aa394e1e1771c3ab4825963fa03e45afb8f"
 dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
  "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "crc32fast"
-version = "1.4.0"
+name = "core-foundation-sys"
+version = "0.8.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3855a8a784b474f333699ef2bbca9db2c4a1f6d9088a90a2d25b1eb53111eaa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
-]
+checksum = "773648b94d0e5d620f64f280777445740e61fe701025087ec8b57f45c791888b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crunchy"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
+checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "crypto-common"
-version = "0.1.6"
+name = "der"
+version = "0.7.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bfb12502f3fc46cca1bb51ac28df9d618d813cdc3d2f25b9fe775a34af26bb3"
+checksum = "e7c1832837b905bbfb5101e07cc24c8deddf52f93225eee6ead5f4d63d53ddcb"
 dependencies = [
- "generic-array",
- "typenum",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.10.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
-dependencies = [
- "block-buffer",
- "crypto-common",
+ "pem-rfc7468",
+ "zeroize",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
+version = "0.3.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
+checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "filetime"
-version = "0.2.23"
+name = "fastrand"
+version = "2.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ee447700ac8aa0b2f2bd7bc4462ad686ba06baa6727ac149a2d6277f0d240fd"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "redox_syscall",
- "windows-sys",
-]
+checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.28"
+name = "find-msvc-tools"
+version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46303f565772937ffe1d394a4fac6f411c6013172fadde9dcdb1e147a086940e"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "miniz_oxide",
-]
+checksum = "5baebc0774151f905a1a2cc41989300b1e6fbb29aff0ceffa1064fdd3088d582"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "form_urlencoded"
-version = "1.2.1"
+name = "foreign-types"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e13624c2627564efccf4934284bdd98cbaa14e79b0b5a141218e507b3a823456"
+checksum = "f6f339eb8adc052cd2ca78910fda869aefa38d22d5cb648e6485e4d3fc06f3b1"
 dependencies = [
- "percent-encoding",
+ "foreign-types-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.7"
+name = "foreign-types-shared"
+version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+ "wasip2",
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+checksum = "df1d3c3b53da64cf5760482273a98e575c651a67eec7f77df96b5b642de8f039"
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+checksum = "87de3442987e9dbec73158d5c715e7ad9072fda936bb03d19d7fa10e00520f0e"
 dependencies = [
- "adler",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "openssl",
+ "openssl-probe",
+ "openssl-sys",
+ "schannel",
+ "security-framework",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+ "tempfile",
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "foreign-types",
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "openssl-macros",
+ "openssl-sys",
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+
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+ "syn",
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+dependencies = [
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+ "libc",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "vcpkg",
+]
 
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+ "smallvec",
  "tracing",
+ "ureq",
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- "pkg-config",
- "sha2",
- "tar",
+ "hmac-sha256",
+ "lzma-rust2",
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- "rustls",
- "tracing-subscriber",
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+dependencies = [
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-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "getrandom",
- "libc",
- "spin",
- "untrusted",
- "windows-sys",
-]
+checksum = "8d942b98df5e658f56f20d592c7f868833fe38115e65c33003d8cd224b0155da"
 
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+checksum = "146c9e247ccc180c1f61615433868c99f3de3ae256a30a43b49f67c2d9171f34"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
@@ -488,93 +470,87 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
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+checksum = "a5c708d8b686a8d426681908369f835af90349f7ebb92ab87ddf14a851efd556"
 dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
+ "inventory",
+ "libloading",
+ "regex-lite",
  "rustler_codegen",
- "rustler_sys",
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 [[package]]
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+checksum = "da3f478ec72581782a7dd62a5adb406aa076af7cedd7de63fa3676c927eb216a"
 dependencies = [
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+ "inventory",
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  "quote",
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-dependencies = [
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- "rustls-webpki",
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 [[package]]
-name = "rustls-webpki"
-version = "0.102.2"
+name = "schannel"
+version = "0.1.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "faaa0a62740bedb9b2ef5afa303da42764c012f743917351dc9a237ea1663610"
+checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
 dependencies = [
- "ring",
- "rustls-pki-types",
- "untrusted",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "sha2"
-version = "0.10.8"
+name = "security-framework"
+version = "2.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "793db75ad2bcafc3ffa7c68b215fee268f537982cd901d132f89c6343f3a3dc8"
+checksum = "897b2245f0b511c87893af39b033e5ca9cce68824c4d7e7630b5a1d339658d02"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
- "digest",
+ "bitflags",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "security-framework-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "sharded-slab"
-version = "0.1.7"
+name = "security-framework-sys"
+version = "2.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f40ca3c46823713e0d4209592e8d6e826aa57e928f09752619fc696c499637f6"
+checksum = "cc1f0cbffaac4852523ce30d8bd3c5cdc873501d96ff467ca09b6767bb8cd5c0"
 dependencies = [
- "lazy_static",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "shlex"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.13.1"
+version = "1.15.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e6ecd384b10a64542d77071bd64bd7b231f4ed5940fba55e98c3de13824cf3d7"
+checksum = "67b1b7a3b5fe4f1376887184045fcf45c69e92af734b7aaddc05fb777b6fbd03"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socks"
@@ -587,23 +563,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "spin"
-version = "0.9.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6980e8d7511241f8acf4aebddbb1ff938df5eebe98691418c4468d0b72a96a67"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "subtle"
-version = "2.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "81cdd64d312baedb58e21336b31bc043b77e01cc99033ce76ef539f78e965ebc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.16"
+version = "2.0.114"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a6f671d4b5ffdb8eadec19c0ae67fe2639df8684bd7bc4b83d986b8db549cf01"
+checksum = "d4d107df263a3013ef9b1879b0df87d706ff80f65a86ea879bd9c31f9b307c2a"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -611,190 +575,99 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "tar"
-version = "0.4.40"
+name = "tempfile"
+version = "3.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b16afcea1f22891c49a00c751c7b63b2233284064f11a200fc624137c51e2ddb"
+checksum = "655da9c7eb6305c55742045d5a8d2037996d61d8de95806335c7c86ce0f82e9c"
 dependencies = [
- "filetime",
- "libc",
- "xattr",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "thread_local"
-version = "1.1.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3fdd6f064ccff2d6567adcb3873ca630700f00b5ad3f060c25b5dcfd9a4ce152"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
+ "fastrand",
+ "getrandom",
  "once_cell",
+ "rustix",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.6.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87cc5ceb3875bb20c2890005a4e226a4651264a5c75edb2421b52861a0a0cb50"
-dependencies = [
- "tinyvec_macros",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tinyvec_macros"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing"
-version = "0.1.37"
+version = "0.1.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8ce8c33a8d48bd45d624a6e523445fd21ec13d3653cd51f681abf67418f54eb8"
+checksum = "63e71662fa4b2a2c3a26f570f037eb95bb1f85397f3cd8076caed2f026a6d100"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing-core"
-version = "0.1.30"
+version = "0.1.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "24eb03ba0eab1fd845050058ce5e616558e8f8d8fca633e6b163fe25c797213a"
+checksum = "db97caf9d906fbde555dd62fa95ddba9eecfd14cb388e4f491a66d74cd5fb79a"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
- "valuable",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tracing-log"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ee855f1f400bd0e5c02d150ae5de3840039a3f54b025156404e34c23c03f47c3"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "once_cell",
- "tracing-core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tracing-subscriber"
-version = "0.3.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad0f048c97dbd9faa9b7df56362b8ebcaa52adb06b498c050d2f4e32f90a7a8b"
-dependencies = [
- "matchers",
- "nu-ansi-term",
- "once_cell",
- "regex",
- "sharded-slab",
- "smallvec",
- "thread_local",
- "tracing",
- "tracing-core",
- "tracing-log",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "typenum"
-version = "1.17.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-bidi"
-version = "0.3.15"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08f95100a766bf4f8f28f90d77e0a5461bbdb219042e7679bebe79004fed8d75"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "84a22b9f218b40614adcb3f4ff08b703773ad44fa9423e4e0d346d5db86e4ebc"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-normalization"
-version = "0.1.23"
+version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a56d1686db2308d901306f92a263857ef59ea39678a5458e7cb17f01415101f5"
-dependencies = [
- "tinyvec",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "unreachable"
-version = "1.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "382810877fe448991dfc7f0dd6e3ae5d58088fd0ea5e35189655f84e6814fa56"
-dependencies = [
- "void",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "untrusted"
-version = "0.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"
+checksum = "9312f7c4f6ff9069b165498234ce8be658059c6728633667c526e27dc2cf1df5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ureq"
-version = "2.9.6"
+version = "3.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "11f214ce18d8b2cbe84ed3aa6486ed3f5b285cf8d8fbdbce9f3f767a724adc35"
+checksum = "d39cb1dbab692d82a977c0392ffac19e188bd9186a9f32806f0aaa859d75585a"
 dependencies = [
  "base64",
+ "der",
  "log",
- "once_cell",
- "rustls",
+ "native-tls",
+ "percent-encoding",
  "rustls-pki-types",
- "rustls-webpki",
  "socks",
- "url",
- "webpki-roots",
+ "ureq-proto",
+ "utf-8",
+ "webpki-root-certs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "url"
-version = "2.5.0"
+name = "ureq-proto"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "31e6302e3bb753d46e83516cae55ae196fc0c309407cf11ab35cc51a4c2a4633"
+checksum = "d81f9efa9df032be5934a46a068815a10a042b494b6a58cb0a1a97bb5467ed6f"
 dependencies = [
- "form_urlencoded",
- "idna",
- "percent-encoding",
+ "base64",
+ "http",
+ "httparse",
+ "log",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "valuable"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "830b7e5d4d90034032940e4ace0d9a9a057e7a45cd94e6c007832e39edb82f6d"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "version_check"
-version = "0.9.4"
+name = "utf-8"
+version = "0.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"
+checksum = "09cc8ee72d2a9becf2f2febe0205bbed8fc6615b7cb429ad062dc7b7ddd036a9"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "void"
-version = "1.0.2"
+name = "vcpkg"
+version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a02e4885ed3bc0f2de90ea6dd45ebcbb66dacffe03547fadbb0eeae2770887d"
+checksum = "accd4ea62f7bb7a82fe23066fb0957d48ef677f6eeb8215f372f52e48bb32426"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "wasi"
-version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
+name = "wasip2"
+version = "1.0.2+wasi-0.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
+checksum = "9517f9239f02c069db75e65f174b3da828fe5f5b945c4dd26bd25d89c03ebcf5"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen",
+]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "webpki-roots"
-version = "0.26.1"
+name = "webpki-root-certs"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3de34ae270483955a94f4b21bdaaeb83d508bb84a01435f393818edb0012009"
+checksum = "36a29fc0408b113f68cf32637857ab740edfafdf460c326cd2afaa2d84cc05dc"
 dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
@@ -822,84 +695,48 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
+name = "windows-link"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets",
-]
+checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.61.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
+checksum = "ae137229bcbd6cdf0f7b80a31df61766145077ddf49416a728b02cb3921ff3fc"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc",
- "windows_i686_gnu",
- "windows_i686_msvc",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+ "windows-link",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
+name = "wit-bindgen"
+version = "0.51.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
+checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
+checksum = "dafd85c832c1b68bbb4ec0c72c7f6f4fc5179627d2bc7c26b30e4c0cc11e76cc"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "xattr"
-version = "1.3.1"
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8da84f1a25939b27f6820d92aed108f83ff920fdf11a7b19366c27c4cda81d4f"
+checksum = "7cb7e4e8436d9db52fbd6625dbf2f45243ab84994a72882ec8227b99e72b439a"
 dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "rustix",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zeroize"
-version = "1.7.0"
+version = "1.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "525b4ec142c6b68a2d10f01f7bbf6755599ca3f81ea53b8431b7dd348f5fdb2d"
+checksum = "b97154e67e32c85465826e8bcc1c59429aaaf107c1e4a9e53c8d8ccd5eff88d0"
diff --git a/native/ortex/Cargo.toml b/native/ortex/Cargo.toml
index 4052470..ca9542a 100644
--- a/native/ortex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/native/ortex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ortex"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0-rc.1"
 authors = []
 edition = "2018"
 
@@ -10,13 +10,10 @@ path = "src/lib.rs"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-rustler = "0.29.0"
-ort = { version = "2.0.0-rc.8" }
-ndarray = "0.16.1"
+rustler = "0.37.1"
+ort = { version = "2.0.0-rc.11", features = ["half"] }
+ndarray = "0.17.2"
 half = "2.2.1"
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = [ "env-filter", "fmt" ] }
-num-traits = "0.2.15"
-rustls = "0.22.4"
 
 [features]
 # ONNXRuntime Execution providers
diff --git a/native/ortex/src/lib.rs b/native/ortex/src/lib.rs
index 0523105..a847422 100644
--- a/native/ortex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/native/ortex/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ mod model;
 mod tensor;
 mod utils;
 
-use model::OrtexModel;
 use tensor::OrtexTensor;
 
-use rustler::resource::ResourceArc;
+use rustler::ResourceArc;
 use rustler::types::Binary;
 use rustler::{Atom, Env, NifResult, Term};
 
@@ -23,7 +22,8 @@ fn init(
     eps: Vec<Atom>,
     opt: i32,
 ) -> NifResult<ResourceArc<model::OrtexModel>> {
-    let eps = utils::map_eps(env, eps);
+    let eps = utils::map_eps(env, eps)
+        .map_err(|e| rustler::Error::Term(Box::new(e)))?;
     let model = model::init(model_path, eps, opt)
         .map_err(|e| rustler::Error::Term(Box::new(e.to_string())))?;
     Ok(ResourceArc::new(model))
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn to_binary<'a>(
 }
 
 #[rustler::nif]
-pub fn slice<'a>(
+pub fn slice(
     tensor: ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>,
     start_indicies: Vec<isize>,
     lengths: Vec<isize>,
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ pub fn slice<'a>(
         start_indicies,
         lengths,
         strides,
-    )))
+    )?))
 }
 
 #[rustler::nif]
-pub fn reshape<'a>(
+pub fn reshape(
     tensor: ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>,
     shape: Vec<usize>,
 ) -> NifResult<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>> {
@@ -93,32 +93,16 @@ pub fn reshape<'a>(
 }
 
 #[rustler::nif]
-pub fn concatenate<'a>(
+pub fn concatenate(
     tensors: Vec<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>>,
     dtype: Term,
     axis: i32,
 ) -> NifResult<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>> {
     let (dtype_t, dtype_bits): (Term, usize) = dtype.decode()?;
     let dtype_str = dtype_t.atom_to_string()?;
-    let concatted = tensor::concatenate(tensors, (&dtype_str, dtype_bits), axis as usize);
+    let concatted = tensor::concatenate(tensors, (&dtype_str, dtype_bits), axis as usize)
+        .map_err(|e| rustler::Error::Term(Box::new(e.to_string())))?;
     Ok(ResourceArc::new(concatted))
 }
 
-rustler::init!(
-    "Elixir.Ortex.Native",
-    [
-        run,
-        init,
-        from_binary,
-        to_binary,
-        show_session,
-        slice,
-        reshape,
-        concatenate
-    ],
-    load = |env: Env, _| {
-        rustler::resource!(OrtexModel, env);
-        rustler::resource!(OrtexTensor, env);
-        true
-    }
-);
+rustler::init!("Elixir.Ortex.Native");
diff --git a/native/ortex/src/model.rs b/native/ortex/src/model.rs
index f5e04b3..d73e944 100644
--- a/native/ortex/src/model.rs
+++ b/native/ortex/src/model.rs
@@ -12,22 +12,24 @@ use crate::tensor::OrtexTensor;
 use crate::utils::{is_bool_input, map_opt_level};
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::iter::zip;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 
-use ort::{Error, ExecutionProviderDispatch, Session};
-use rustler::resource::ResourceArc;
-use rustler::Atom;
+use ort::execution_providers::ExecutionProviderDispatch;
+use ort::session::{Session, SessionInputValue};
+use ort::Error;
+use rustler::{Atom, Resource, ResourceArc};
 
 /// Holds the model state which include onnxruntime session and environment. All
 /// are threadsafe so this can be called concurrently from the beam.
 pub struct OrtexModel {
-    pub session: ort::Session,
+    pub session: Mutex<Session>,
 }
 
-// Since we're only using the session for inference and
-// inference is threadsafe, this Sync is safe. Additionally,
-// Environment is global and also threadsafe
-// https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/issues/114
-unsafe impl Sync for OrtexModel {}
+#[rustler::resource_impl(name = "OrtexModel")]
+impl Resource for OrtexModel {}
+
+impl std::panic::RefUnwindSafe for OrtexModel {}
+impl std::panic::UnwindSafe for OrtexModel {}
 
 /// Creates a model given the path to the model and vector of execution providers.
 /// The execution providers are Atoms from Erlang/Elixir.
@@ -44,7 +46,9 @@ pub fn init(
         .with_execution_providers(eps)?
         .commit_from_file(model_path)?;
 
-    let state = OrtexModel { session };
+    let state = OrtexModel {
+        session: Mutex::new(session),
+    };
     Ok(state)
 }
 
@@ -59,19 +63,27 @@ pub fn show(
 ) {
     let model: &OrtexModel = &*model;
 
+    let session = model.session.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+
     let mut inputs = Vec::new();
-    for input in model.session.inputs.iter() {
-        let name = input.name.to_string();
-        let repr = format!("{:#?}", input.input_type);
-        let dims = Option::<&Vec<i64>>::cloned(input.input_type.tensor_dimensions());
+    for input in session.inputs() {
+        let name = input.name().to_string();
+        let repr = format!("{:#?}", input.dtype());
+        let dims = match input.dtype() {
+            ort::value::ValueType::Tensor { shape, .. } => Some(shape.to_vec()),
+            _ => None,
+        };
         inputs.push((name, repr, dims));
     }
 
     let mut outputs = Vec::new();
-    for output in model.session.outputs.iter() {
-        let name = output.name.to_string();
-        let repr = format!("{:#?}", output.output_type);
-        let dims = Option::<&Vec<i64>>::cloned(output.output_type.tensor_dimensions());
+    for output in session.outputs() {
+        let name = output.name().to_string();
+        let repr = format!("{:#?}", output.dtype());
+        let dims = match output.dtype() {
+            ort::value::ValueType::Tensor { shape, .. } => Some(shape.to_vec()),
+            _ => None,
+        };
         outputs.push((name, repr, dims));
     }
 
@@ -85,36 +97,53 @@ pub fn run(
     inputs: Vec<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<(ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>, Vec<usize>, Atom, usize)>, Error> {
     // Grab the session and run a forward pass with it
-    let session: &ort::Session = &model.session;
-
-    let mut ortified_inputs: Vec<ort::SessionInputValue> = Vec::new();
-
-    for (elixir_input, onnx_input) in zip(inputs, &session.inputs) {
-        let derefed_input: &OrtexTensor = &elixir_input;
-        if is_bool_input(&onnx_input.input_type) {
-            // this assumes that the boolean input isn't huge -- we're cloning it twice;
-            // once below, once in the try_into()
-            let boolified_input: &OrtexTensor = &derefed_input.clone().to_bool();
-            let v: ort::SessionInputValue = boolified_input.try_into()?;
-            ortified_inputs.push(v);
-        } else {
-            let v: ort::SessionInputValue = derefed_input.try_into()?;
-            ortified_inputs.push(v);
+    let mut session = model.session.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+    let mut ortified_inputs: Vec<SessionInputValue> = Vec::new();
+    let output_names: Vec<String>;
+
+    {
+        let session_inputs = session.inputs();
+        let expected_inputs = session_inputs.len();
+        if inputs.len() != expected_inputs {
+            return Err(Error::new(format!(
+                "Expected {} input(s), got {}",
+                expected_inputs,
+                inputs.len()
+            )));
         }
+
+        for (elixir_input, onnx_input) in zip(inputs, session_inputs) {
+            let derefed_input: &OrtexTensor = &elixir_input;
+            if is_bool_input(onnx_input.dtype()) {
+                // this assumes that the boolean input isn't huge -- we're cloning it twice;
+                // once below, once in the try_into()
+                let boolified_input = derefed_input.clone().to_bool()?;
+                let v: SessionInputValue = (&boolified_input).try_into()?;
+                ortified_inputs.push(v);
+            } else {
+                let v: SessionInputValue = derefed_input.try_into()?;
+                ortified_inputs.push(v);
+            }
+        }
+
+        output_names = session
+            .outputs()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|output| output.name().to_string())
+            .collect();
     }
 
     // Construct a Vec of ModelOutput enums based on the DynOrtTensor data type
     let outputs = session.run(&ortified_inputs[..])?;
     let mut collected_outputs = Vec::new();
 
-    for output_descriptor in &session.outputs {
-        let output_name: &str = &output_descriptor.name;
-        let val = outputs.get(output_name).expect(
-            &format!(
+    for output_name in output_names {
+        let val = outputs.get(&output_name).ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(format!(
                 "Expected {} to be in the outputs, but didn't find it",
                 output_name
-            )[..],
-        );
+            ))
+        })?;
 
         // NOTE: try_into impl here will implicitly map bool outputs to u8 outputs
         let ortextensor: OrtexTensor = val.try_into()?;
diff --git a/native/ortex/src/tensor.rs b/native/ortex/src/tensor.rs
index d4aecf1..34ff04e 100644
--- a/native/ortex/src/tensor.rs
+++ b/native/ortex/src/tensor.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 use core::convert::TryFrom;
 use ndarray::prelude::*;
 use ndarray::{ArrayBase, ArrayView, Data, IxDyn, IxDynImpl, ViewRepr};
-use ort::{DynValue, Error, Value};
-use rustler::resource::ResourceArc;
-use rustler::Atom;
-use std::convert::TryInto;
+use ort::session::SessionInputValue;
+use ort::tensor::TensorElementType;
+use ort::value::{Tensor, Value, ValueType};
+use ort::Error;
+use rustler::{Atom, Error as RustlerError, Resource, ResourceArc};
 
 use crate::constants::ortex_atoms;
 
@@ -27,10 +28,13 @@ pub enum OrtexTensor {
     f32(Array<f32, IxDyn>),
     f64(Array<f64, IxDyn>),
     // the bool input is for internal use only.
-    // Any Nx facing ops should panic if called on a bool input
+    // Nx-facing code treats bool tensors as u8 outputs.
     bool(Array<bool, IxDyn>),
 }
 
+#[rustler::resource_impl(name = "OrtexTensor")]
+impl Resource for OrtexTensor {}
+
 impl OrtexTensor {
     pub fn shape(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
         match self {
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
             OrtexTensor::bf16(y) => y.shape().to_owned(),
             OrtexTensor::f32(y) => y.shape().to_owned(),
             OrtexTensor::f64(y) => y.shape().to_owned(),
-            _ => panic!("Can't convert this type to Nx format"),
+            OrtexTensor::bool(y) => y.shape().to_owned(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -112,7 +116,11 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
                     .into_shape_with_order(shape)
                     .map_err(|e| rustler::Error::Term(Box::new(e.to_string())))?,
             )),
-            _ => panic!("Can't convert this type to Nx format"),
+            OrtexTensor::bool(y) => Ok(OrtexTensor::bool(
+                y.clone()
+                    .into_shape_with_order(shape)
+                    .map_err(|e| rustler::Error::Term(Box::new(e.to_string())))?,
+            )),
         }
     }
 
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
             OrtexTensor::bf16(_) => (ortex_atoms::bf(), 16),
             OrtexTensor::f32(_) => (ortex_atoms::f(), 32),
             OrtexTensor::f64(_) => (ortex_atoms::f(), 64),
-            _ => panic!("Can't convert this type to Nx format"),
+            OrtexTensor::bool(_) => (ortex_atoms::u(), 8),
         }
     }
 
@@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
             OrtexTensor::bf16(y) => get_bytes(y),
             OrtexTensor::f32(y) => get_bytes(y),
             OrtexTensor::f64(y) => get_bytes(y),
-            _ => panic!("Can't convert this type to Nx format"),
+            OrtexTensor::bool(y) => get_bytes(y),
         };
         contents
     }
@@ -158,7 +166,36 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
         start_indicies: Vec<isize>,
         lengths: Vec<isize>,
         strides: Vec<isize>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    ) -> rustler::NifResult<Self> {
+        let rank = match self {
+            OrtexTensor::s8(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::s16(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::s32(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::s64(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::u8(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::u16(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::u32(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::u64(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::f16(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::bf16(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::f32(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::f64(y) => y.ndim(),
+            OrtexTensor::bool(y) => y.ndim(),
+        };
+
+        if start_indicies.len() != rank || lengths.len() != rank || strides.len() != rank {
+            return Err(RustlerError::Term(Box::new(format!(
+                "Slice arguments must match tensor rank of {}",
+                rank
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        if strides.iter().any(|s| *s == 0) {
+            return Err(RustlerError::Term(Box::new(
+                "Slice stride must be non-zero".to_string(),
+            )));
+        }
+
         let mut slice_specs: Vec<(isize, Option<isize>, isize)> = vec![];
         for ((start_index, length), stride) in start_indicies
             .iter()
@@ -167,7 +204,7 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
         {
             slice_specs.push((*start_index, Some(*length + *start_index), *stride));
         }
-        match self {
+        let sliced = match self {
             OrtexTensor::s8(y) => OrtexTensor::s8(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
             OrtexTensor::s16(y) => OrtexTensor::s16(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
             OrtexTensor::s32(y) => OrtexTensor::s32(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
@@ -180,25 +217,30 @@ impl OrtexTensor {
             OrtexTensor::bf16(y) => OrtexTensor::bf16(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
             OrtexTensor::f32(y) => OrtexTensor::f32(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
             OrtexTensor::f64(y) => OrtexTensor::f64(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
-            _ => panic!("Can't convert this type to Nx format"),
-        }
+            OrtexTensor::bool(y) => OrtexTensor::bool(slice_array(y, &slice_specs).to_owned()),
+        };
+        Ok(sliced)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_bool(self) -> OrtexTensor {
+    pub fn to_bool(self) -> Result<OrtexTensor, Error> {
         match self {
             OrtexTensor::u8(y) => {
-                let bool_tensor = y.to_owned().mapv(|x| match x {
-                    0 => false,
-                    1 => true,
-                    _ => {
-                        panic!(
-                            "Tried to convert a u8 tensor to bool, but not every element is 0 or 1"
-                        )
-                    }
-                });
-                OrtexTensor::bool(bool_tensor)
+                let values: Result<Vec<bool>, Error> = y
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|x| match x {
+                        0 => Ok(false),
+                        1 => Ok(true),
+                        _ => Err(Error::new(
+                            "Tried to convert a u8 tensor to bool, but not every element is 0 or 1",
+                        )),
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
+                let bool_tensor =
+                    Array::from_shape_vec(y.raw_dim(), values?).map_err(|e| Error::new(e.to_string()))?;
+                Ok(OrtexTensor::bool(bool_tensor))
             }
-            t => panic!("Can't convert this type {:?} to bool", t.dtype()),
+            t => Err(Error::new(format!("Can't convert this type {:?} to bool", t.dtype()))),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -230,85 +272,88 @@ where
 impl TryFrom<&Value> for OrtexTensor {
     type Error = Error;
     fn try_from(e: &Value) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        let dtype: ort::ValueType = e.dtype();
+        let dtype = e.dtype();
         let ty = match dtype {
-            ort::ValueType::Tensor {
-                ty: t,
-                dimensions: _,
-            } => t,
-            _ => panic!("can't decode non tensor, got {}", dtype),
+            ValueType::Tensor { ty, .. } => ty,
+            _ => return Err(Error::new(format!("Expected tensor output, got {:?}", dtype))),
         };
 
-        let tensor = match ty {
-            ort::TensorElementType::Bfloat16 => {
-                OrtexTensor::bf16(e.try_extract_tensor::<half::bf16>()?.into_owned())
+        let tensor = match *ty {
+            TensorElementType::Bfloat16 => {
+                OrtexTensor::bf16(e.try_extract_array::<half::bf16>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Float16 => {
-                OrtexTensor::f16(e.try_extract_tensor::<half::f16>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Float16 => {
+                OrtexTensor::f16(e.try_extract_array::<half::f16>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Float32 => {
-                OrtexTensor::f32(e.try_extract_tensor::<f32>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Float32 => {
+                OrtexTensor::f32(e.try_extract_array::<f32>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Float64 => {
-                OrtexTensor::f64(e.try_extract_tensor::<f64>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Float64 => {
+                OrtexTensor::f64(e.try_extract_array::<f64>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Uint8 => {
-                OrtexTensor::u8(e.try_extract_tensor::<u8>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Uint8 => {
+                OrtexTensor::u8(e.try_extract_array::<u8>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Uint16 => {
-                OrtexTensor::u16(e.try_extract_tensor::<u16>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Uint16 => {
+                OrtexTensor::u16(e.try_extract_array::<u16>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Uint32 => {
-                OrtexTensor::u32(e.try_extract_tensor::<u32>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Uint32 => {
+                OrtexTensor::u32(e.try_extract_array::<u32>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Uint64 => {
-                OrtexTensor::u64(e.try_extract_tensor::<u64>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Uint64 => {
+                OrtexTensor::u64(e.try_extract_array::<u64>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Int8 => {
-                OrtexTensor::s8(e.try_extract_tensor::<i8>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Int8 => {
+                OrtexTensor::s8(e.try_extract_array::<i8>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Int16 => {
-                OrtexTensor::s16(e.try_extract_tensor::<i16>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Int16 => {
+                OrtexTensor::s16(e.try_extract_array::<i16>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Int32 => {
-                OrtexTensor::s32(e.try_extract_tensor::<i32>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Int32 => {
+                OrtexTensor::s32(e.try_extract_array::<i32>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::Int64 => {
-                OrtexTensor::s64(e.try_extract_tensor::<i64>()?.into_owned())
+            TensorElementType::Int64 => {
+                OrtexTensor::s64(e.try_extract_array::<i64>()?.to_owned())
             }
-            ort::TensorElementType::String => {
-                todo!("Can't return string tensors")
+            TensorElementType::String => {
+                return Err(Error::new("String tensors are not supported"))
             }
             // map the output into u8 space
-            ort::TensorElementType::Bool => {
-                let nd_array = e.try_extract_tensor::<bool>()?.into_owned();
+            TensorElementType::Bool => {
+                let nd_array = e.try_extract_array::<bool>()?;
                 OrtexTensor::u8(nd_array.mapv(|x| x as u8))
             }
+            other => {
+                return Err(Error::new(format!(
+                    "Tensor element type {:?} is not supported",
+                    other
+                )))
+            }
         };
 
         Ok(tensor)
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<&OrtexTensor> for ort::SessionInputValue<'_> {
+impl TryFrom<&OrtexTensor> for SessionInputValue<'_> {
     type Error = Error;
     fn try_from(ort_tensor: &OrtexTensor) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        let r: DynValue = match ort_tensor {
-            OrtexTensor::s8(arr) => arr.to_owned().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::s16(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::s32(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::s64(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::f16(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::f32(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::f64(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::bf16(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::u8(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::u16(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::u32(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::u64(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
-            OrtexTensor::bool(arr) => arr.clone().try_into()?,
+        let r: SessionInputValue = match ort_tensor {
+            OrtexTensor::s8(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::s16(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::s32(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::s64(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::f16(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::f32(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::f64(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::bf16(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::u8(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::u16(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::u32(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::u64(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
+            OrtexTensor::bool(arr) => Tensor::from_array(arr.to_owned())?.into(),
         };
-        Ok(r.into())
+        Ok(r)
     }
 }
 
@@ -343,7 +388,7 @@ macro_rules! concatenate {
     // `typ` is the actual datatype, `ort_tensor_kind` is the OrtexTensor variant
     ($tensors:expr, $axis:expr, $typ:ty, $ort_tensor_kind:ident) => {{
         type ArrayType<'a> = ArrayBase<ViewRepr<&'a $typ>, Dim<IxDynImpl>>;
-        fn filter(tensor: &OrtexTensor) -> Option<ArrayType> {
+        fn filter<'a>(tensor: &'a OrtexTensor) -> Option<ArrayType<'a>> {
             match tensor {
                 OrtexTensor::$ort_tensor_kind(x) => Some(x.view()),
                 _ => None,
@@ -351,17 +396,25 @@ macro_rules! concatenate {
         }
         // hack way to type coalesce. Filters out any ndarray's that don't
         // have the desired type
+        let input_len = $tensors.len();
         let tensors: Vec<ArrayType> = $tensors
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|tensor| filter(tensor))
             .collect();
+        if tensors.len() != input_len {
+            return Err(Error::new(
+                "Concatenate called with mixed tensor types",
+            ));
+        }
 
-        let tensors = ndarray::concatenate(Axis($axis), &tensors).unwrap();
+        let tensors =
+            ndarray::concatenate(Axis($axis), &tensors).map_err(|e| Error::new(e.to_string()))?;
         // data is not contiguous after the concatenation above. To decode
         // properly, need to create a new contiguous vector
         let tensors =
-            Array::from_shape_vec(tensors.raw_dim(), tensors.iter().cloned().collect()).unwrap();
-        OrtexTensor::$ort_tensor_kind(tensors)
+            Array::from_shape_vec(tensors.raw_dim(), tensors.iter().cloned().collect())
+                .map_err(|e| Error::new(e.to_string()))?;
+        Ok(OrtexTensor::$ort_tensor_kind(tensors))
     }};
 }
 
@@ -369,7 +422,10 @@ pub fn concatenate(
     tensors: Vec<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>>,
     dtype: (&str, usize),
     axis: usize,
-) -> OrtexTensor {
+) -> Result<OrtexTensor, Error> {
+    if tensors.is_empty() {
+        return Err(Error::new("Concatenate requires at least one tensor"));
+    }
     match dtype {
         ("s", 8) => concatenate!(tensors, axis, i8, s8),
         ("s", 16) => concatenate!(tensors, axis, i16, s16),
@@ -383,6 +439,9 @@ pub fn concatenate(
         ("bf", 16) => concatenate!(tensors, axis, half::bf16, bf16),
         ("f", 32) => concatenate!(tensors, axis, f32, f32),
         ("f", 64) => concatenate!(tensors, axis, f64, f64),
-        _ => unimplemented!(),
+        _ => Err(Error::new(format!(
+            "Unsupported dtype {} with {} bits for concatenate",
+            dtype.0, dtype.1
+        ))),
     }
 }
diff --git a/native/ortex/src/utils.rs b/native/ortex/src/utils.rs
index 8d96117..4eba370 100644
--- a/native/ortex/src/utils.rs
+++ b/native/ortex/src/utils.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,60 @@
 
 use crate::constants::*;
 use crate::tensor::OrtexTensor;
-use ndarray::{ArrayViewMut, Ix, IxDyn};
+use ndarray::{Array, IxDyn};
 
-use ndarray::ShapeError;
-
-use rustler::resource::ResourceArc;
 use rustler::types::Binary;
-use rustler::{Atom, Env, NifResult};
+use rustler::{Atom, Env, Error as RustlerError, NifResult, ResourceArc};
+
+use ort::execution_providers::{
+    ACLExecutionProvider, CPUExecutionProvider, CUDAExecutionProvider, CoreMLExecutionProvider,
+    DirectMLExecutionProvider, ExecutionProviderDispatch, OneDNNExecutionProvider,
+    ROCmExecutionProvider, TensorRTExecutionProvider,
+};
+use ort::session::builder::GraphOptimizationLevel;
+use ort::tensor::TensorElementType;
+use ort::value::ValueType;
+
+fn element_count(shape: &[usize]) -> Result<usize, String> {
+    shape
+        .iter()
+        .try_fold(1usize, |acc, dim| {
+            acc.checked_mul(*dim)
+                .ok_or_else(|| "Tensor shape is too large to index".to_string())
+        })
+}
+
+fn array_from_binary<T: Copy + Default>(
+    bin: &Binary,
+    shape: &[usize],
+) -> Result<Array<T, IxDyn>, String> {
+    let elements = element_count(shape)?;
+    let elem_size = std::mem::size_of::<T>();
+    let expected_bytes = elements
+        .checked_mul(elem_size)
+        .ok_or_else(|| "Tensor binary size overflows usize".to_string())?;
 
-use ort::{ExecutionProviderDispatch, GraphOptimizationLevel};
+    if bin.len() != expected_bytes {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "Binary length mismatch for shape {:?}: expected {} bytes, got {}",
+            shape,
+            expected_bytes,
+            bin.len()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut data = vec![T::default(); elements];
+    if expected_bytes > 0 {
+        unsafe {
+            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                bin.as_ptr(),
+                data.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u8,
+                expected_bytes,
+            );
+        }
+    }
 
-/// A faster (unsafe) way of creating an Array from an Erlang binary
-fn initialize_from_raw_ptr<T>(ptr: *const T, shape: &[Ix]) -> ArrayViewMut<T, IxDyn> {
-    let array = unsafe { ArrayViewMut::from_shape_ptr(shape, ptr as *mut T) };
-    array
+    Array::from_shape_vec(IxDyn(shape), data).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
 }
 
 /// Given a Binary term, shape, and dtype from the BEAM, constructs an OrtexTensor and
@@ -37,45 +77,48 @@ pub fn from_binary(
     shape: Vec<usize>,
     dtype_str: String,
     dtype_bits: usize,
-) -> Result<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>, ShapeError> {
+) -> Result<ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>, String> {
     match (dtype_str.as_ref(), dtype_bits) {
         ("bf", 16) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::bf16(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const half::bf16, &shape).to_owned(),
+            array_from_binary::<half::bf16>(&bin, &shape)?,
         ))),
         ("f", 16) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::f16(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const half::f16, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("f", 32) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::f32(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const f32, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("f", 64) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::f64(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const f64, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("s", 8) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s8(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const i8, &shape).to_owned(),
+            array_from_binary::<half::f16>(&bin, &shape)?,
         ))),
-        ("s", 16) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s16(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const i16, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("s", 32) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s32(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const i32, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("s", 64) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s64(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const i64, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("u", 8) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u8(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const u8, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("u", 16) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u16(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const u16, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("u", 32) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u32(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const u32, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        ("u", 64) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u64(
-            initialize_from_raw_ptr(bin.as_ptr() as *const u64, &shape).to_owned(),
-        ))),
-        (&_, _) => unimplemented!(),
+        ("f", 32) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::f32(array_from_binary::<f32>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("f", 64) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::f64(array_from_binary::<f64>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("s", 8) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s8(array_from_binary::<i8>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("s", 16) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s16(array_from_binary::<i16>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("s", 32) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s32(array_from_binary::<i32>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("s", 64) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::s64(array_from_binary::<i64>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("u", 8) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u8(array_from_binary::<u8>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("u", 16) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u16(array_from_binary::<u16>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("u", 32) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u32(array_from_binary::<u32>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        ("u", 64) => Ok(ResourceArc::new(OrtexTensor::u64(array_from_binary::<u64>(
+            &bin, &shape,
+        )?))),
+        (&_, _) => Err(format!(
+            "Unsupported dtype {} with {} bits",
+            dtype_str, dtype_bits
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -84,25 +127,64 @@ pub fn from_binary(
 pub fn to_binary<'a>(
     env: Env<'a>,
     reference: ResourceArc<OrtexTensor>,
-    _bits: usize,
-    _limit: usize,
+    bits: usize,
+    limit: usize,
 ) -> NifResult<Binary<'a>> {
-    Ok(reference.make_binary(env, |x| x.to_bytes()))
+    if bits == 0 || limit == 0 {
+        return Ok(reference.make_binary(env, |x| x.to_bytes()));
+    }
+
+    if bits % 8 != 0 {
+        return Err(RustlerError::Term(Box::new(format!(
+            "Invalid element bit size: {}",
+            bits
+        ))));
+    }
+
+    let elem_size = bits / 8;
+    let elem_count = element_count(&reference.shape())
+        .map_err(|e| RustlerError::Term(Box::new(e)))?;
+    let capped = std::cmp::min(limit, elem_count);
+    let byte_limit = capped
+        .checked_mul(elem_size)
+        .ok_or_else(|| RustlerError::Term(Box::new("Binary size overflows usize".to_string())))?;
+
+    Ok(reference.make_binary(env, |x| {
+        let bytes = x.to_bytes();
+        let len = std::cmp::min(byte_limit, bytes.len());
+        &bytes[..len]
+    }))
 }
 
 /// Takes a vec of Atoms and transforms them into a vec of ExecutionProvider Enums
-pub fn map_eps(env: rustler::env::Env, eps: Vec<Atom>) -> Vec<ExecutionProviderDispatch> {
+pub fn map_eps(
+    env: rustler::env::Env,
+    eps: Vec<Atom>,
+) -> Result<Vec<ExecutionProviderDispatch>, String> {
     eps.iter()
-        .map(|e| match &e.to_term(env).atom_to_string().unwrap()[..] {
-            CPU => ort::CPUExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            CUDA => ort::CUDAExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            TENSORRT => ort::TensorRTExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            ACL => ort::ACLExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            ONEDNN => ort::OneDNNExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            COREML => ort::CoreMLExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            DIRECTML => ort::DirectMLExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            ROCM => ort::ROCmExecutionProvider::default().build(),
-            _ => ort::CPUExecutionProvider::default().build(),
+        .map(|e| {
+            let atom_str = e
+                .to_term(env)
+                .atom_to_string()
+                .map_err(|_| "Execution provider must be an atom".to_string())?;
+            match atom_str.as_str() {
+                CPU => Ok(CPUExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                CUDA => Ok(CUDAExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                TENSORRT => Ok(TensorRTExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                ACL => Ok(ACLExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                ONEDNN | "dnnl" => Ok(OneDNNExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                COREML => Ok(CoreMLExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                DIRECTML => Ok(DirectMLExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                ROCM => Ok(ROCmExecutionProvider::default().build()),
+                _ => Err(format!(
+                    "Unknown execution provider: {}. Expected one of: {}",
+                    atom_str,
+                    vec![
+                        CPU, CUDA, TENSORRT, ACL, ONEDNN, "dnnl", COREML, DIRECTML, ROCM
+                    ]
+                    .join(", ")
+                )),
+            }
         })
         .collect()
 }
@@ -117,11 +199,11 @@ pub fn map_opt_level(opt: i32) -> GraphOptimizationLevel {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn is_bool_input(inp: &ort::ValueType) -> bool {
+pub fn is_bool_input(inp: &ValueType) -> bool {
     match inp {
-        ort::ValueType::Tensor { ty, .. } => ty == &ort::TensorElementType::Bool,
-        ort::ValueType::Map { value, .. } => value == &ort::TensorElementType::Bool,
-        ort::ValueType::Sequence(boxed_input) => is_bool_input(boxed_input),
-        ort::ValueType::Optional(boxed_input) => is_bool_input(boxed_input),
+        ValueType::Tensor { ty, .. } => ty == &TensorElementType::Bool,
+        ValueType::Map { value, .. } => value == &TensorElementType::Bool,
+        ValueType::Sequence(boxed_input) => is_bool_input(boxed_input),
+        ValueType::Optional(boxed_input) => is_bool_input(boxed_input),
     }
 }
diff --git a/python/export_resnet.py b/python/export_resnet.py
index d60c1da..0212eba 100644
--- a/python/export_resnet.py
+++ b/python/export_resnet.py
@@ -1,19 +1,53 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import importlib
+
 import torch
-import torchvision.models as models
+from torchvision.models import ResNet50_Weights, resnet50
+
+
+def require_module(module_name: str, pip_name: str | None = None) -> None:
+    try:
+        importlib.import_module(module_name)
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:
+        install_name = pip_name or module_name
+        raise SystemExit(
+            f"Missing dependency: {module_name}. "
+            f"Install it with `python3 -m pip install {install_name}`."
+        )
+
 
-model = models.resnet50(pretrained=True)
+require_module("onnx")
 
+USE_DYNAMO = True
+try:
+    importlib.import_module("onnxscript")
+except ModuleNotFoundError:
+    USE_DYNAMO = False
+
+model = resnet50(weights=ResNet50_Weights.IMAGENET1K_V1)
 model.eval()
+
 onnx_input = torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224)
+repo_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+models_dir = repo_root / "models"
+models_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+output_path = models_dir / "resnet50.onnx"
+
+if not USE_DYNAMO:
+    print("onnxscript not available; exporting with legacy ONNX exporter.")
+
+with torch.inference_mode():
+    torch.onnx.export(
+        model,
+        (onnx_input,),
+        output_path,
+        verbose=False,
+        input_names=["input"],
+        output_names=["output"],
+        dynamic_axes={"input": {0: "batch_size"}, "output": {0: "batch_size"}},
+        export_params=True,
+        opset_version=19,
+        dynamo=USE_DYNAMO,
+    )
 
-torch.onnx.export(
-    model,
-    onnx_input,
-    "resnet50.onnx",
-    verbose=False,
-    input_names=["input"],
-    output_names=["output"],
-    dynamic_axes={"input": {0: "batch_size"}, "output": {0: "batch_size"}},
-    export_params=True,
-    opset_version=19,
-)
+print(f"Wrote {output_path}")
diff --git a/test/shape/concat_test.exs b/test/shape/concat_test.exs
index 3ab9a54..9210991 100644
--- a/test/shape/concat_test.exs
+++ b/test/shape/concat_test.exs
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ defmodule Ortex.TestConcat do
   %{
     "s8" => {:s, 8},
     "s16" => {:s, 16},
-    "s32" => {:s, 16},
-    "s64" => {:s, 16},
-    "u8" => {:s, 16},
-    "u16" => {:s, 16},
-    "u32" => {:s, 16},
-    "u64" => {:s, 16},
-    "f16" => {:s, 16},
-    "bf16" => {:s, 16},
-    "f32" => {:s, 16},
-    "f64" => {:s, 16}
+    "s32" => {:s, 32},
+    "s64" => {:s, 64},
+    "u8" => {:u, 8},
+    "u16" => {:u, 16},
+    "u32" => {:u, 32},
+    "u64" => {:u, 64},
+    "f16" => {:f, 16},
+    "bf16" => {:bf, 16},
+    "f32" => {:f, 32},
+    "f64" => {:f, 64}
   }
   |> Enum.each(fn {type_str, type_tuple} ->
     test "Concat 1d tensors #{type_str}" do