diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index 9398d5286..9dd38cb0c 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -221,6 +221,20 @@ To be released.
 [#771]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/pull/771
 [#772]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/pull/772
 
+### @fedify/backfill
+
+ -  Added *@fedify/backfill* for reconstructing ActivityPub conversations.
+    It supports FEP-f228 context collections containing post-like objects or
+    `Create` activities, optional reply-tree traversal, ordered hybrid
+    strategies, shared safety budgets, deduplication, and traversal-local
+    document caching.  [[#275], [#779], [#801], [#807], [#816] by Jiwon Kwon]
+
+[#275]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/issues/275
+[#779]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/pull/779
+[#801]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/pull/801
+[#807]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/pull/807
+[#816]: https://github.com/fedify-dev/fedify/pull/816
+
 ### @fedify/fixture
 
  -  Added `createTestMeterProvider()` and `TestMetricRecorder` helpers for
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 9c421d48f..21327fa4e 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -407,6 +407,8 @@ The repository is organized as a monorepo with the following packages:
     creating new Fedify projects.  Wraps @fedify/init.
  -  *packages/amqp/*: AMQP/RabbitMQ driver (@fedify/amqp) for Fedify.
  -  *packages/astro/*: Astro integration (@fedify/astro) for Fedify.
+ -  *packages/backfill/*: ActivityPub conversation backfill support
+    (@fedify/backfill) for Fedify.
  -  *packages/cfworkers/*: Cloudflare Workers integration (@fedify/cfworkers)
     for Fedify.
  -  *packages/debugger/*: Embedded ActivityPub debug dashboard
diff --git a/docs/.vitepress/config.mts b/docs/.vitepress/config.mts
index 5c2a39a32..d58897b1f 100644
--- a/docs/.vitepress/config.mts
+++ b/docs/.vitepress/config.mts
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ const MANUAL = {
     { text: "Outbox listeners", link: "/manual/outbox.md" },
     { text: "Sending activities", link: "/manual/send.md" },
     { text: "Collections", link: "/manual/collections.md" },
+    { text: "Conversation backfill", link: "/manual/backfill.md" },
     { text: "Object dispatcher", link: "/manual/object.md" },
     { text: "Access control", link: "/manual/access-control.md" },
     { text: "WebFinger", link: "/manual/webfinger.md" },
diff --git a/docs/manual/backfill.md b/docs/manual/backfill.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74f52280f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/manual/backfill.md
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+---
+description: >-
+  Reconstruct ActivityPub conversations from FEP-f228 context collections or
+  reply relationships using the @fedify/backfill package.
+---
+
+Conversation backfill
+=====================
+
+*This API is available since Fedify 2.3.0.*
+
+Fedify provides the *@fedify/backfill* package for reconstructing ActivityPub
+conversations that may be incomplete on the local server.  It can retrieve
+post-like objects from [FEP-f228] context collections and optionally crawl
+`inReplyTo` ancestors and `replies` descendants.
+
+[FEP-f228]: https://w3id.org/fep/f228
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+::: code-group
+
+~~~~ sh [Deno]
+deno add jsr:@fedify/backfill
+~~~~
+
+~~~~ sh [npm]
+npm add @fedify/backfill
+~~~~
+
+~~~~ sh [pnpm]
+pnpm add @fedify/backfill
+~~~~
+
+~~~~ sh [Yarn]
+yarn add @fedify/backfill
+~~~~
+
+~~~~ sh [Bun]
+bun add @fedify/backfill
+~~~~
+
+:::
+
+
+Backfilling a conversation
+--------------------------
+
+The `backfill()` function accepts a backfill context, a seed object, and
+traversal options.  The context supplies a `documentLoader` for dereferencing
+context collections, collection items, reply targets, and replies collections:
+
+~~~~ typescript twoslash
+import { backfill, type BackfillDocumentLoader } from "@fedify/backfill";
+import { lookupObject, Note } from "@fedify/vocab";
+
+declare const note: Note;
+// ---cut-before---
+const documentLoader: BackfillDocumentLoader = (iri, options) =>
+  lookupObject(iri, { signal: options?.signal });
+
+for await (
+  const item of backfill({ documentLoader }, note, {
+    maxItems: 20,
+    maxRequests: 50,
+  })
+) {
+  console.log(item.id?.href);
+}
+~~~~
+
+The seed object itself is not yielded.  If the same object appears in a
+discovered collection, it is skipped by ID.
+
+By default, `backfill()` uses the `"context-auto"` strategy.  It expects the
+seed's `context` to dereference to a `Collection`, `OrderedCollection`,
+`CollectionPage`, or `OrderedCollectionPage`.  Ordinary post-like items are
+yielded directly, while supported `Create` activities are unwrapped and their
+objects are yielded.
+
+If the seed has no context, or its context resolves to a non-collection,
+context strategies yield nothing.
+
+
+Strategies
+----------
+
+Strategies run in the configured order.  They share request and item budgets,
+abort state, document caching, and object ID deduplication.  If multiple
+strategies discover the same object, the first one keeps its `BackfillItem`
+metadata.
+
+`"context-auto"`
+:   Handles both direct post-like objects and supported `Create` activities
+    from a context collection.  This is the default strategy.
+
+`"context-objects"`
+:   Accepts only post-like objects contained directly in a context collection:
+
+    ~~~~ typescript twoslash
+    import { backfill, type BackfillContext } from "@fedify/backfill";
+    import { Note } from "@fedify/vocab";
+
+    declare const context: BackfillContext;
+    declare const note: Note;
+    // ---cut-before---
+    for await (
+      const item of backfill(context, note, {
+        strategies: ["context-objects"],
+      })
+    ) {
+      console.log(item.object);
+    }
+    ~~~~
+
+`"context-activities"`
+:   Accepts supported activities from a context collection.  It currently
+    supports `Create` and yields the activity's object rather than the activity
+    itself:
+
+    ~~~~ typescript twoslash
+    import { backfill, type BackfillContext } from "@fedify/backfill";
+    import { Note } from "@fedify/vocab";
+
+    declare const context: BackfillContext;
+    declare const note: Note;
+    // ---cut-before---
+    for await (
+      const item of backfill(context, note, {
+        strategies: ["context-activities"],
+      })
+    ) {
+      console.log(item.object);
+    }
+    ~~~~
+
+`"reply-tree"`
+:   Walks `inReplyTo` ancestors and `replies` descendants.  It yields
+    post-like objects only and does not unwrap Activity objects.  This strategy
+    is opt-in because it can require substantially more network requests than
+    a context collection.
+
+For hybrid coverage, run the FEP-f228 path first and use reply-tree traversal
+after it:
+
+~~~~ typescript twoslash
+import { backfill, type BackfillContext } from "@fedify/backfill";
+import { Note } from "@fedify/vocab";
+
+declare const context: BackfillContext;
+declare const note: Note;
+// ---cut-before---
+for await (
+  const item of backfill(context, note, {
+    strategies: ["context-auto", "reply-tree"],
+    maxDepth: 4,
+  })
+) {
+  console.log(item.origin, item.depth, item.object);
+}
+~~~~
+
+
+Traversal controls
+------------------
+
+`maxItems`
+:   Limits the number of yielded objects.  Skipped duplicates do not count.
+
+`maxRequests`
+:   Limits calls to `documentLoader`.  Embedded objects and collections do not
+    count as requests.
+
+`maxDepth`
+:   Limits reply-tree traversal and defaults to 10.  Immediate parents and
+    direct replies have depth 1; their next-level parents or replies have depth
+    2, and so on.  Context collection items have depth 0 and are not limited by
+    this option.
+
+`interval`
+:   Adds a delay between `documentLoader` requests.  A callback receives the
+    zero-based request index.  String durations require the global `Temporal`
+    API or a polyfill; `Temporal.DurationLike` objects work without the global
+    API.
+
+`signal`
+:   Cancels traversal before requests and yields.  The signal is also passed to
+    `documentLoader`.
+
+
+Caching and failures
+--------------------
+
+Dereferenced documents are cached in memory for one `backfill()` traversal.
+Applications that need persistent or shared caching can implement it in the
+provided `documentLoader`.
+
+Failed external dereferences are skipped so other conversation items can still
+be discovered.  Failed loads are not retained in the traversal cache, allowing
+the same IRI to be retried if another traversal path reaches it.  Aborting the
+provided signal stops traversal instead of skipping the request.
diff --git a/docs/package.json b/docs/package.json
index 9d59d59a7..6d6548d20 100644
--- a/docs/package.json
+++ b/docs/package.json
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
     "@deno/kv": "^0.8.4",
     "@fedify/amqp": "workspace:^",
     "@fedify/astro": "workspace:^",
+    "@fedify/backfill": "workspace:^",
     "@fedify/cfworkers": "workspace:^",
     "@fedify/debugger": "workspace:^",
     "@fedify/express": "workspace:^",
diff --git a/packages/backfill/README.md b/packages/backfill/README.md
index cd1e5f33b..a9e4e06c5 100644
--- a/packages/backfill/README.md
+++ b/packages/backfill/README.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 This package provides ActivityPub conversation backfill support for the
 [Fedify] ecosystem.  It can retrieve post-like objects from a seed object's
-context collection, following the direct FEP-f228-style path where the
+context collection, following the direct [FEP-f228] path where the
 context dereferences to a `Collection`, `OrderedCollection`, `CollectionPage`,
 or `OrderedCollectionPage`.  It can also use an opt-in reply-tree strategy to
 walk `inReplyTo` ancestors and `replies` descendants when context collections
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ are unavailable or incomplete.
 [@fedify@hollo.social badge]: https://fedi-badge.deno.dev/@fedify@hollo.social/followers.svg
 [@fedify@hollo.social]: https://hollo.social/@fedify
 [Fedify]: https://fedify.dev/
+[FEP-f228]: https://w3id.org/fep/f228
 
 
 Installation
@@ -73,6 +74,19 @@ collection items are treated as backfillable objects by default.  If an item is
 recognized as a supported `Create` activity, `backfill()` extracts the
 activity's object instead.
 
+To accept only post-like objects directly contained in the context collection,
+use the `context-objects` strategy:
+
+~~~~ typescript
+for await (
+  const item of backfill({ documentLoader }, note, {
+    strategies: ["context-objects"],
+  })
+) {
+  console.log(item.object);
+}
+~~~~
+
 To read only FEP-f228 activity collections, enable the `context-activities`
 strategy:
 
@@ -109,3 +123,30 @@ objects from Activity wrappers.  Immediate parents and direct replies have
 depth 1, their next-level parents or replies have depth 2, and so on.
 Reply-tree traversal defaults to a maximum depth of 10; set `maxDepth` to use a
 different limit.
+
+
+Traversal controls
+------------------
+
+All configured strategies share the same traversal controls:
+
+ -  `maxItems` limits the number of yielded objects.  Skipped duplicates do
+    not count.
+ -  `maxRequests` limits calls to `documentLoader`.  Embedded objects and
+    collections do not count.
+ -  `maxDepth` limits reply-tree traversal and defaults to 10.  It does not
+    limit context collection items.
+ -  `interval` adds a delay between loader requests.  Its callback receives
+    the zero-based request index.
+ -  `signal` cancels traversal and is forwarded to `documentLoader`.
+
+An `interval` string requires the global `Temporal` API or a polyfill.
+`Temporal.DurationLike` objects work without the global API.
+
+If the seed has no context, or its context resolves to a non-collection,
+context strategies yield nothing.  Loader failures are skipped unless
+traversal is aborted.
+
+Dereferenced documents are cached in memory for one `backfill()` traversal.
+Applications that need persistent or shared caching can provide it through
+the `documentLoader`.
diff --git a/packages/backfill/src/backfill.ts b/packages/backfill/src/backfill.ts
index 02cb32319..a836f4c4a 100644
--- a/packages/backfill/src/backfill.ts
+++ b/packages/backfill/src/backfill.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH = 10;
 /**
  * Thrown when backfill traversal exceeds the configured request budget.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export class MaxRequestsExceeded extends Error {}
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ type ReplyTreeTraversal = {
  * The seed object is not yielded by default, but its ID is treated as already
  * seen so it will not be yielded again if the collection contains it.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export async function* backfill<
   TObject extends APObject = APObject,
diff --git a/packages/backfill/src/types.ts b/packages/backfill/src/types.ts
index c7d15f80d..58090e698 100644
--- a/packages/backfill/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/backfill/src/types.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import type { Object as APObject } from "@fedify/vocab";
  * -  `"reply-tree"` walks the reply graph through `inReplyTo` ancestors and
  *    `replies` descendants, yielding discovered post-like objects.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export type BackfillStrategy =
   | "context-objects"
@@ -24,10 +24,9 @@ export type BackfillStrategy =
 /**
  * Source relation that produced a backfilled object.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export type BackfillOrigin =
-  | "context"
   | "collection"
   | "in-reply-to"
   | "replies";
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ export type BackfillOrigin =
 /**
  * Options passed to {@link BackfillDocumentLoader}.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export interface BackfillDocumentLoaderOptions {
   /**
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ export interface BackfillDocumentLoaderOptions {
 /**
  * Dereferences an ActivityPub object or collection IRI.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export type BackfillDocumentLoader = (
   iri: URL,
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ export type BackfillDocumentLoader = (
 /**
  * Dependencies used by backfill traversal.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export interface BackfillContext {
   /**
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ export interface BackfillContext {
 /**
  * Controls backfill traversal.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export interface BackfillOptions<
   TObject extends APObject = APObject,
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ export interface BackfillOptions<
    * If `"context-auto"` is included, it absorbs other context collection
    * strategies.
    *
-   * @since 2.x.0
+   * @since 2.3.0
    */
   readonly strategies?: readonly BackfillStrategy[];
 
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ export interface BackfillOptions<
 /**
  * A single object discovered by backfill traversal.
  *
- * @since 2.x.0
+ * @since 2.3.0
  */
 export interface BackfillItem<
   TObject extends APObject = APObject,
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index df3689951..b694adbe4 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -199,6 +199,9 @@ importers:
       '@fedify/astro':
         specifier: workspace:^
         version: link:../packages/astro
+      '@fedify/backfill':
+        specifier: workspace:^
+        version: link:../packages/backfill
       '@fedify/cfworkers':
         specifier: workspace:^
         version: link:../packages/cfworkers