diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/binding/ComponentRequirement.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/binding/ComponentRequirement.java
index d7cdb1f48b7..146f623a5e0 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/binding/ComponentRequirement.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/binding/ComponentRequirement.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.binding.SourceFiles.simpleVariableName;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.getSimpleName;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.hasAnyAnnotation;
+import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.isPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.isNested;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypes.isDeclared;
 
@@ -254,6 +255,6 @@ private static boolean requiresEnclosingInstance(XTypeElement typeElement) {
 
   private static boolean hasVisibleDefaultConstructor(XTypeElement typeElement) {
     return typeElement.getConstructors().stream()
-        .anyMatch(constructor -> !constructor.isPrivate() && constructor.getParameters().isEmpty());
+        .anyMatch(constructor -> !isPrivate(constructor) && constructor.getParameters().isEmpty());
   }
 }
diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/BindingMethodValidator.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/BindingMethodValidator.java
index d957f1daf38..1acfd5116d3 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/BindingMethodValidator.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/BindingMethodValidator.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package dagger.internal.codegen.validation;
 
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.hasAnyAnnotation;
+import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.isPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XMethodElements.getEnclosingTypeElement;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XMethodElements.hasTypeParameters;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypes.isSubtype;
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ private void checkTypeParameters() {
 
     /** Adds an error if the method is private. */
     private void checkNotPrivate() {
-      if (method.isPrivate()) {
+      if (isPrivate(method)) {
         report.addError(bindingMethods("cannot be private"));
       }
     }
diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ComponentCreatorValidator.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ComponentCreatorValidator.java
index ace1a12cb08..4d688d25c50 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ComponentCreatorValidator.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ComponentCreatorValidator.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.getOnlyElement;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.base.ComponentCreatorAnnotation.getCreatorAnnotations;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.base.Util.reentrantComputeIfAbsent;
+import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.isPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XMethodElements.hasTypeParameters;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.getAllUnimplementedMethods;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.hasTypeParameters;
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ private boolean validateTypeRequirements() {
         report.addError(messages.generics());
         isClean = false;
       }
-      if (creator.isPrivate()) {
+      if (isPrivate(creator)) {
         report.addError(messages.isPrivate());
         isClean = false;
       }
diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/InjectValidator.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/InjectValidator.java
index 6f7837ad5cd..e4c633044a6 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/InjectValidator.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/InjectValidator.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.binding.SourceFiles.membersInjectorNameForType;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.extension.DaggerStreams.toImmutableList;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.closestEnclosingTypeElement;
+import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.isPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XMethodElements.hasTypeParameters;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.isEffectivelyPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypes.isSubtype;
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ private ValidationReport validateConstructor(XConstructorElement constructorElem
             "No @Inject or @AssistedInject annotation found: " + constructorElement);
       }
 
-      if (constructorElement.isPrivate()) {
+      if (isPrivate(constructorElement)) {
         builder.addError(
             "Dagger does not support injection into private constructors", constructorElement);
       }
@@ -328,7 +329,7 @@ private ValidationReport validateField(XFieldElement fieldElement) {
         builder.addError("@Inject fields may not be final", fieldElement);
       }
 
-      if (fieldElement.isPrivate()) {
+      if (isPrivate(fieldElement)) {
         builder.addItem(
             "Dagger does not support injection into private fields",
             privateMemberDiagnosticKind,
@@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ private ValidationReport validateMethod(XMethodElement methodElement) {
         builder.addError("Methods with @Inject may not be abstract", methodElement);
       }
 
-      if (methodElement.isPrivate()) {
+      if (isPrivate(methodElement)) {
         builder.addItem(
             "Dagger does not support injection into private methods",
             privateMemberDiagnosticKind,
diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ModuleValidator.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ModuleValidator.java
index 9e38f33855c..213e0bbb36c 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ModuleValidator.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/validation/ModuleValidator.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XAnnotations.getClassName;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.getSimpleName;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.hasAnyAnnotation;
+import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.isPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.hasTypeParameters;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.isEffectivelyPrivate;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XTypeElements.isEffectivelyPublic;
@@ -538,7 +539,7 @@ private void validateBindingMethodOverrides(
 
   private void validateModuleVisibility(
       XTypeElement moduleElement, ModuleKind moduleKind, ValidationReport.Builder reportBuilder) {
-    if (moduleElement.isPrivate() || moduleElement.isKtPrivate()) {
+    if (isPrivate(moduleElement)) {
       reportBuilder.addError("Modules cannot be private.", moduleElement);
     } else if (isEffectivelyPrivate(moduleElement)) {
       reportBuilder.addError("Modules cannot be enclosed in private types.", moduleElement);
diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XElements.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XElements.java
index cd9b20f96d6..36608a27e6b 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XElements.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XElements.java
@@ -179,7 +179,8 @@ public static boolean isPublic(XElement element) {
   }
 
   public static boolean isPrivate(XElement element) {
-    return asHasModifiers(element).isPrivate();
+    XHasModifiers modifiers = asHasModifiers(element);
+    return modifiers.isPrivate() || modifiers.isKtPrivate();
   }
 
   public static boolean isInternal(XElement element) {
diff --git a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XTypeElements.java b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XTypeElements.java
index 027e724c8df..e274cf38d39 100644
--- a/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XTypeElements.java
+++ b/dagger-compiler/main/java/dagger/internal/codegen/xprocessing/XTypeElements.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.getOnlyElement;
 import static dagger.internal.codegen.extension.DaggerStreams.toImmutableList;
+import static dagger.internal.codegen.xprocessing.XElements.isPrivate;
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.joining;
 import static kotlin.streams.jdk8.StreamsKt.asStream;
 
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ private enum Visibility {
     /** Returns the visibility of the given {@link XTypeElement}. */
     private static Visibility of(XTypeElement element) {
       checkNotNull(element);
-      if (element.isPrivate()) {
+      if (isPrivate(element)) {
         return Visibility.PRIVATE;
       } else if (element.isPublic()) {
         return Visibility.PUBLIC;
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ public static ImmutableList<XMethodElement> getAllUnimplementedMethods(XTypeElem
   /** Returns all non-private, non-static methods in {@code type}. */
   public static ImmutableList<XMethodElement> getAllNonPrivateInstanceMethods(XTypeElement type) {
     return getAllMethods(type).stream()
-        .filter(method -> !method.isPrivate() && !method.isStatic())
+        .filter(method -> !isPrivate(method) && !method.isStatic())
         .collect(toImmutableList());
   }
 
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ private static boolean isAccessibleFrom(XMethodElement method, XTypeElement type
     if (method.isPublic() || method.isProtected()) {
       return true;
     }
-    if (method.isPrivate()) {
+    if (isPrivate(method)) {
       return false;
     }
     return method
diff --git a/javatests/dagger/internal/codegen/PrivateTopLevelClassTest.java b/javatests/dagger/internal/codegen/PrivateTopLevelClassTest.java
index 1b22487ac39..372a2ab95d4 100644
--- a/javatests/dagger/internal/codegen/PrivateTopLevelClassTest.java
+++ b/javatests/dagger/internal/codegen/PrivateTopLevelClassTest.java
@@ -60,25 +60,16 @@ public void testPrivateKotlinClass() {
         .withProcessingOptions(compilerMode.processorOptions())
         .compile(
             subject -> {
-              switch (CompilerTests.backend(subject)) {
-                case JAVAC:
-                  // TODO: b/539661501 - This should fail once this bug is fixed.
-                  subject.hasErrorCount(0);
-                  break;
-                case KSP:
-                  subject.hasErrorCount(2);
-                  subject
-                      .hasErrorContaining("Dagger does not support injection into private classes")
-                      .onSource(src)
-                      .onLineContaining("private class Foo");
-                  subject
-                      .hasErrorContaining(
-                          "Foo cannot be provided without an @Inject constructor or an"
-                              + " @Provides-annotated method")
-                      .onSource(src)
-                      .onLineContaining("interface TestComponent");
-                  break;
-              }
+              subject.hasErrorCount(2);
+              subject
+                  .hasErrorContaining("Dagger does not support injection into private classes")
+                  .onSource(src)
+                  .onLineContaining("private class Foo");
+              subject
+                  .hasErrorContaining(
+                      "Foo cannot be provided without an @Inject constructor or an"
+                          + " @Provides-annotated method")
+                  .onSource(src);
             });
   }
 }