feat(strings): add Kasai's algorithm for LCP array construction

[Keykyrios]

Description

This PR adds an implementation of Kasai's Algorithm to the strings directory. The algorithm constructs the Longest Common Prefix (LCP) array from a provided string and its Suffix Array in O(N) time complexity. This perfectly complements the existing SuffixArray.java implementation.

A comprehensive JUnit 5 test suite (KasaiAlgorithmTest.java) has also been included to validate various standard and edge cases. I have also verified that clang-format is completely satisfied.

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new algorithms include a corresponding test class that validates their functionality.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 96.15385% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 79.46%. Comparing base (7d57c57) to head (7ea6636).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...java/com/thealgorithms/strings/KasaiAlgorithm.java	96.15%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #7324      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     79.43%   79.46%   +0.03%     
- Complexity     7062     7077      +15     
============================================
  Files           788      789       +1     
  Lines         23124    23150      +26     
  Branches       4545     4553       +8     
============================================
+ Hits          18368    18396      +28     
+ Misses         4022     4021       -1     
+ Partials        734      733       -1     

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[alxkm]

Looks good. Thank you for the contribution.