Perf: optimize Tablet write with columnar string storage and lazy DeviceID construction (~10x throughput)

cpp/src/common/tablet.cc

@@ -98,10 +98,15 @@ int Tablet::init() {
             case BLOB:
             case TEXT:
             case STRING: {
-                value_matrix_[c].string_data =
-                    static_cast<common::String*>(common::mem_alloc(
-                        sizeof(String) * max_row_num_, common::MOD_TABLET));
-                if (value_matrix_[c].string_data == nullptr) return E_OOM;
+                auto* sc = static_cast<StringColumn*>(common::mem_alloc(
+                    sizeof(StringColumn), common::MOD_TABLET));
+                if (sc == nullptr) return E_OOM;
+                new (sc) StringColumn();
+                // 8 bytes/row is a conservative initial estimate for short
+                // string columns (e.g. device IDs, tags). The buffer grows
+                // automatically on demand via mem_realloc.
+                sc->init(max_row_num_, max_row_num_ * 8);
+                value_matrix_[c].string_col = sc;
                 break;
             }
             default:
@@ -150,7 +155,8 @@ void Tablet::destroy() {
                 case BLOB:
                 case TEXT:
                 case STRING:
-                    common::mem_free(value_matrix_[c].string_data);
+                    value_matrix_[c].string_col->destroy();
+                    common::mem_free(value_matrix_[c].string_col);
                     break;
                 default:
                     break;
@@ -240,17 +246,51 @@ int Tablet::set_column_values(uint32_t schema_index, const void* data,
             return E_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED;
     }
 
+    std::memcpy(dst, data, count * elem_size);
     if (bitmap == nullptr) {
-        // All valid: bulk copy + mark all as non-null
-        std::memcpy(dst, data, count * elem_size);
         bitmaps_[schema_index].clear_all();
     } else {
-        // Bulk copy all data (null positions will have garbage but won't be
-        // read).
-        std::memcpy(dst, data, count * elem_size);
+        char* tsfile_bm = bitmaps_[schema_index].get_bitmap();
+        uint32_t bm_bytes = (count + 7) / 8;
+        std::memcpy(tsfile_bm, bitmap, bm_bytes);
+    }
+    cur_row_size_ = std::max(count, cur_row_size_);
+    return E_OK;
+}
+
+int Tablet::set_column_string_values(uint32_t schema_index,
+                                     const int32_t* offsets, const char* data,
+                                     const uint8_t* bitmap, uint32_t count) {
+    if (err_code_ != E_OK) {
+        return err_code_;
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(schema_index >= schema_vec_->size())) {
+        return E_OUT_OF_RANGE;
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(count > static_cast<uint32_t>(max_row_num_))) {
+        return E_OUT_OF_RANGE;
+    }
+
+    StringColumn* sc = value_matrix_[schema_index].string_col;
+    if (sc == nullptr) {
+        return E_INVALID_ARG;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t total_bytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(offsets[count]);
+    if (total_bytes > sc->buf_capacity) {
+        sc->buf_capacity = total_bytes;
+        sc->buffer = (char*)mem_realloc(sc->buffer, sc->buf_capacity);
+    }
 
-        // bitmap uses TsFile convention (1=null, 0=valid), same as
-        // internal BitMap, so copy directly.
+    if (total_bytes > 0) {
+        std::memcpy(sc->buffer, data, total_bytes);
+    }
+    std::memcpy(sc->offsets, offsets, (count + 1) * sizeof(int32_t));
+    sc->buf_used = total_bytes;
+
+    if (bitmap == nullptr) {
+        bitmaps_[schema_index].clear_all();
+    } else {
         char* tsfile_bm = bitmaps_[schema_index].get_bitmap();
         uint32_t bm_bytes = (count + 7) / 8;
         std::memcpy(tsfile_bm, bitmap, bm_bytes);
@@ -292,9 +332,10 @@ void* Tablet::get_value(int row_index, uint32_t schema_index,
             double* double_values = column_values.double_data;
             return &double_values[row_index];
         }
+        case TEXT:
+        case BLOB:
         case STRING: {
-            auto string_values = column_values.string_data;
-            return &string_values[row_index];
+            return &column_values.string_col->get_string_view(row_index);
         }
         default:
             return nullptr;
@@ -304,8 +345,8 @@ void* Tablet::get_value(int row_index, uint32_t schema_index,
 template <>
 void Tablet::process_val(uint32_t row_index, uint32_t schema_index,
                          common::String str) {
-    value_matrix_[schema_index].string_data[row_index].dup_from(str,
-                                                                page_arena_);
+    value_matrix_[schema_index].string_col->append(row_index, str.buf_,
+                                                   str.len_);
     bitmaps_[schema_index].clear(row_index); /* mark as non-null */
 }
 
@@ -450,6 +491,91 @@ void Tablet::set_column_categories(
     }
 }
 
+void Tablet::reset_string_columns() {
+    size_t schema_count = schema_vec_->size();
+    for (size_t c = 0; c < schema_count; c++) {
+        const MeasurementSchema& schema = schema_vec_->at(c);
+        if (schema.data_type_ == STRING || schema.data_type_ == TEXT ||
+            schema.data_type_ == BLOB) {
+            value_matrix_[c].string_col->reset();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Find all row indices where the device ID changes.  A device ID is the
+// composite key formed by all id columns (e.g. region + sensor_id).  Row i
+// is a boundary when at least one id column differs between row i-1 and row i.
+//
+// Example (2 id columns: region, sensor_id):
+//   row 0: "A", "s1"
+//   row 1: "A", "s2"  <- boundary: sensor_id changed
+//   row 2: "B", "s1"  <- boundary: region changed
+//   row 3: "B", "s1"
+//   row 4: "B", "s2"  <- boundary: sensor_id changed
+//   result: [1, 2, 4]
+//
+// Boundaries are computed in one shot at flush time rather than maintained
+// incrementally during add_value / set_column_*. The total work is similar
+// either way, but batch computation here is far more CPU-friendly: the inner
+// loop is a tight memcmp scan over contiguous buffers with good cache
+// locality, and the CPU can pipeline comparisons without the branch overhead
+// and cache thrashing of per-row bookkeeping spread across the write path.
+std::vector<uint32_t> Tablet::find_all_device_boundaries() const {
+    const uint32_t row_count = get_cur_row_size();
+    if (row_count <= 1) return {};
+
+    const uint32_t nwords = (row_count + 63) / 64;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> boundary(nwords, 0);
+
+    uint32_t boundary_count = 0;
+    const uint32_t max_boundaries = row_count - 1;
+    for (auto it = id_column_indexes_.rbegin(); it != id_column_indexes_.rend();
+         ++it) {
+        const StringColumn& sc = *value_matrix_[*it].string_col;
+        const int32_t* off = sc.offsets;
+        const char* buf = sc.buffer;
+        for (uint32_t i = 1; i < row_count; i++) {
+            if (boundary[i >> 6] & (1ULL << (i & 63))) continue;
+            int32_t len_a = off[i] - off[i - 1];
+            int32_t len_b = off[i + 1] - off[i];
+            if (len_a != len_b ||
+                (len_a > 0 && memcmp(buf + off[i - 1], buf + off[i],
+                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(len_a)) != 0)) {
+                boundary[i >> 6] |= (1ULL << (i & 63));
+                if (++boundary_count >= max_boundaries) break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (boundary_count >= max_boundaries) break;
+    }
+
+    // Sweep the bitmap word by word, extracting set bit positions in order.
+    // Each word covers 64 consecutive rows: word w covers rows [w*64, w*64+63].
+    //
+    // For each word we use two standard bit tricks:
+    //   __builtin_ctzll(bits)  — count trailing zeros = index of lowest set bit
+    //   bits &= bits - 1       — clear the lowest set bit
+    //
+    // Example: w=1, bits=0b...00010100 (bits 2 and 4 set)
+    //   iter 1: ctzll=2 → idx=1*64+2=66, bits becomes 0b...00010000
+    //   iter 2: ctzll=4 → idx=1*64+4=68, bits becomes 0b...00000000 → exit
+    //
+    // Guards: idx>0 because row 0 can never be a boundary (no predecessor);
+    // idx<row_count trims padding bits in the last word when row_count%64 != 0.
+    std::vector<uint32_t> result;
+    for (uint32_t w = 0; w < nwords; w++) {
+        uint64_t bits = boundary[w];
+        while (bits) {
+            uint32_t bit = __builtin_ctzll(bits);
+            uint32_t idx = w * 64 + bit;
+            if (idx > 0 && idx < row_count) {
+                result.push_back(idx);
+            }
+            bits &= bits - 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID> Tablet::get_device_id(int i) const {
     std::vector<std::string*> id_array;
     id_array.push_back(new std::string(insert_target_name_));

cpp/src/common/tablet.h

@@ -46,14 +46,79 @@ class TabletColIterator;
  * with their associated metadata such as column names and types.
  */
 class Tablet {
+    // Arrow-style string column: offsets + contiguous buffer.
+    // string[i] = buffer + offsets[i], len = offsets[i+1] - offsets[i]
+    struct StringColumn {
+        int32_t* offsets;       // length: max_rows + 1 (Arrow-compatible)
+        char* buffer;           // contiguous string data
+        uint32_t buf_capacity;  // allocated buffer size
+        uint32_t buf_used;      // bytes written so far
+
+        StringColumn()
+            : offsets(nullptr), buffer(nullptr), buf_capacity(0), buf_used(0) {}
+
+        void init(uint32_t max_rows, uint32_t init_buf_capacity) {
+            offsets = (int32_t*)common::mem_alloc(
+                sizeof(int32_t) * (max_rows + 1), common::MOD_DEFAULT);
+            offsets[0] = 0;
+            buf_capacity = init_buf_capacity;
+            buffer =
+                (char*)common::mem_alloc(buf_capacity, common::MOD_DEFAULT);
+            buf_used = 0;
+        }
+
+        void destroy() {
+            if (offsets) common::mem_free(offsets);
+            offsets = nullptr;
+            if (buffer) common::mem_free(buffer);
+            buffer = nullptr;
+            buf_capacity = buf_used = 0;
+        }
+
+        void reset() {
+            buf_used = 0;
+            if (offsets) offsets[0] = 0;
+        }
+
+        void append(uint32_t row, const char* data, uint32_t len) {
+            // Grow buffer if needed
+            if (buf_used + len > buf_capacity) {
+                buf_capacity = buf_capacity * 2 + len;
+                buffer = (char*)common::mem_realloc(buffer, buf_capacity);
+            }
+            memcpy(buffer + buf_used, data, len);
+            offsets[row] = static_cast<int32_t>(buf_used);
+            offsets[row + 1] = static_cast<int32_t>(buf_used + len);
+            buf_used += len;
+        }
+
+        const char* get_str(uint32_t row) const {
+            return buffer + offsets[row];
+        }
+        uint32_t get_len(uint32_t row) const {
+            return static_cast<uint32_t>(offsets[row + 1] - offsets[row]);
+        }
+        // Return a String view for a given row. The returned reference is
+        // valid until the next call to get_string_view on this column.
+        common::String& get_string_view(uint32_t row) {
+            view_cache_.buf_ = buffer + offsets[row];
+            view_cache_.len_ =
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(offsets[row + 1] - offsets[row]);
+            return view_cache_;
+        }
+
+       private:
+        common::String view_cache_;
+    };
+
     struct ValueMatrixEntry {
         union {
             int32_t* int32_data;
             int64_t* int64_data;
             float* float_data;
             double* double_data;
             bool* bool_data;
-            common::String* string_data;
+            StringColumn* string_col;
         };
     };
 
@@ -220,6 +285,16 @@ class Tablet {
     void set_column_categories(
         const std::vector<common::ColumnCategory>& column_categories);
     std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID> get_device_id(int i) const;
+    std::vector<uint32_t> find_all_device_boundaries() const;
+
+    // Bulk copy string column data (offsets + data buffer).
+    // offsets has count+1 entries and must start from 0 (offsets[0] == 0).
+    // bitmap follows TsFile convention (bit=1 means null, nullptr means all
+    // valid). Callers using Arrow convention (bit=1 means valid) must invert
+    // before calling.
+    int set_column_string_values(uint32_t schema_index, const int32_t* offsets,
+                                 const char* data, const uint8_t* bitmap,
+                                 uint32_t count);
     /**
      * @brief Template function to add a value of type T to the specified row
      * and column by name.
@@ -253,6 +328,8 @@ class Tablet {
         schema_map_ = schema_map;
     }
 
+    void reset_string_columns();
+
     friend class TabletColIterator;
     friend class TsFileWriter;
     friend struct MeasurementNamesFromTablet;
@@ -265,7 +342,6 @@ class Tablet {
    private:
     template <typename T>
     void process_val(uint32_t row_index, uint32_t schema_index, T val);
-    common::PageArena page_arena_{common::MOD_TABLET};
     uint32_t max_row_num_;
     uint32_t cur_row_size_;
     std::string insert_target_name_;