⚡️ Speed up method ExpectCallTransformer.transform by 6,675% in PR #1318 (fix/js-jest30-loop-runner)#1469
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The optimized code achieves a **6,675% speedup** (from 789ms to 11.6ms) by replacing an expensive O(n²) pattern with an O(n log n) approach for detecting whether regex matches occur inside string literals. **Original Performance Bottleneck:** The original code called `is_inside_string(code, pos)` for every regex match found. This function linearly scanned from position 0 to `pos` each time, checking character-by-character whether the position was inside a string literal. Line profiler shows `is_inside_string` consumed **~10 seconds** (99.6% of total time in `transform`), with ~14.6 million character checks across all calls. **Key Optimization:** The optimized version introduces two new methods: 1. **`_compute_string_spans(code)`** - Performs a single O(n) pass over the entire source code at the start of `transform()`, identifying all string literal regions and storing them as sorted `(start, end)` span lists 2. **`_pos_inside_spans(pos, starts, ends)`** - Uses `bisect.bisect_right()` to perform O(log n) binary search lookups against the precomputed spans **Why This Works:** - **Eliminates redundant scanning**: Instead of scanning the code prefix 1,641 times (once per match), we scan once and cache the results - **Logarithmic lookups**: Each string-check becomes O(log n) binary search instead of O(n) linear scan - **Optimal for multiple matches**: The more regex matches in the code, the greater the benefit. Test cases with 100-1000 expect calls show 1,000%+ speedups **Test Results Show Clear Pattern:** - Small files (1-3 matches): 7-45% slower due to upfront span computation overhead - Medium files (50-100 matches): 565-1,151% faster - Large files (200-1000 matches): 1,836-11,489% faster The optimization is particularly effective for the tool's primary use case: instrumenting JavaScript test files with many `expect()` calls, where the original quadratic behavior became prohibitively expensive.
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PR Review SummaryPrek Checks✅ Passed (after fix)
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Code Review✅ No critical issues found The optimization replaces an O(n²) pattern with O(n log n) by:
Minor observation (non-blocking): All 44 existing instrumentation tests pass. Test Coverage
Coverage details for optimization changes:
The uncovered lines are edge cases in string escape handling. The core optimization logic is well-tested through the 44 existing instrumentation tests which all pass. Last updated: 2026-02-12T17:00:00Z |
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| i += 1 | ||
| # Scan until closing quote or end | ||
| while i < n: | ||
| c = code[i] | ||
| if c == "\\" and i + 1 < n: | ||
| i += 2 | ||
| continue | ||
| if c == quote_char: | ||
| i += 1 | ||
| break | ||
| i += 1 | ||
| end = i # position after closing quote or n if not closed |
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⚡️Codeflash found 10% (0.10x) speedup for ExpectCallTransformer._compute_string_spans in codeflash/languages/javascript/instrument.py
⏱️ Runtime : 725 microseconds → 656 microseconds (best of 208 runs)
📝 Explanation and details
The optimized code achieves a 10% runtime improvement by replacing the character-by-character scanning for closing quotes with Python's built-in str.find() method, which is implemented in C and significantly faster for string searches.
Key optimization:
Instead of manually iterating through each character to find the closing quote:
# Original: Manual character iteration
while i < n:
c = code[i]
if c == "\\" and i + 1 < n:
i += 2
continue
if c == quote_char:
i += 1
break
i += 1The optimized version uses str.find() to jump directly to candidate closing quotes, then counts preceding backslashes to determine if the quote is escaped:
# Optimized: Use find() + backslash counting
while True:
q = code.find(quote_char, search_pos)
if q == -1:
end = n
i = n
break
# Count backslashes before the quote
p = q - 1
backslash_count = 0
while p >= start and code[p] == "\\":
backslash_count += 1
p -= 1
# Odd number of backslashes means quote is escaped
if backslash_count % 2 == 1:
search_pos = q + 1
continue
end = q + 1
i = end
breakWhy this is faster:
- Leverages C-level string operations:
str.find()is implemented in C and optimized for substring searching, eliminating Python bytecode overhead for each character check - Reduces iteration count: Instead of checking every character between quotes, we jump directly to quote candidates and only examine backslashes immediately before them
- Most effective for longer strings: The line profiler shows the inner while loop consumed ~40% of runtime in the original (lines with 13.7%, 13.1%, 15.2% time). The optimization dramatically reduces this overhead.
Test results confirm the optimization pattern:
- Short strings (≤20 chars): Slight regression (0-38% slower) due to additional overhead of
find()setup - Medium strings (100-1000 chars): Moderate gains (32-188% faster)
- Long strings (1000+ chars): Massive gains (2519-2843% faster) as the benefit of skipping character-by-character iteration compounds
This optimization is particularly valuable for JavaScript test instrumentation where string literals can be lengthy (code snippets, error messages, template literals), making the overall 10% runtime improvement primarily driven by these longer string cases.
✅ Correctness verification report:
| Test | Status |
|---|---|
| ⚙️ Existing Unit Tests | 🔘 None Found |
| 🌀 Generated Regression Tests | ✅ 84 Passed |
| ⏪ Replay Tests | 🔘 None Found |
| 🔎 Concolic Coverage Tests | 🔘 None Found |
| 📊 Tests Coverage | 92.6% |
🌀 Click to see Generated Regression Tests
import pytest
from codeflash.discovery.functions_to_optimize import FunctionToOptimize
from codeflash.languages.javascript.instrument import ExpectCallTransformer
# Helper function to create a FunctionToOptimize instance for testing
def create_function_to_optimize(func_name: str = "testFunc") -> FunctionToOptimize:
"""Create a minimal FunctionToOptimize instance for testing."""
return FunctionToOptimize(
function_name=func_name,
qualified_name=f"module.{func_name}",
file_path="test.js",
start_line=1,
end_line=10
)
def test_empty_code_string():
"""Test with empty code string - should return empty lists."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans("") # 631ns -> 641ns (1.56% slower)
def test_code_without_strings():
"""Test with code containing no string literals - should return empty lists."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = "const x = 42; let y = x + 1; return y;"
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 3.11μs -> 3.14μs (0.957% slower)
def test_single_double_quoted_string():
"""Test with a single double-quoted string."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"hello"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.79μs -> 1.99μs (10.0% slower)
def test_single_single_quoted_string():
"""Test with a single single-quoted string."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = "'world'"
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.68μs -> 1.95μs (13.8% slower)
def test_single_backtick_string():
"""Test with a single backtick-quoted string (template literal)."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = "`template`"
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.85μs -> 1.98μs (6.60% slower)
def test_multiple_strings():
"""Test with multiple strings in code."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"first" + \'second\' + `third`'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 3.69μs -> 3.85μs (4.16% slower)
def test_empty_string():
"""Test with an empty string literal."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '""'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.26μs -> 1.81μs (30.3% slower)
def test_string_with_escaped_quote_inside():
"""Test string containing escaped quotes of the same type."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"hello\"world"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.10μs -> 2.56μs (17.9% slower)
def test_string_with_different_escaped_quote_inside():
"""Test string with escaped quote of different type inside."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"hello\'world"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.17μs -> 1.96μs (10.7% faster)
def test_string_starting_with_escaped_backslash():
"""Test string that contains escaped backslash."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"hello\\world"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.08μs -> 1.92μs (8.32% faster)
def test_string_with_newline_escape():
"""Test string with escaped newline (\\n)."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"line1\nline2"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.23μs -> 1.90μs (17.3% faster)
def test_mixed_quote_types():
"""Test that different quote types don't interfere."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = """"inside single 'quotes' here"""
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.85μs -> 1.61μs (77.1% faster)
def test_unclosed_string_at_end():
"""Test with unclosed string at end of code."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = 'const x = "unclosed'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.56μs -> 2.48μs (2.86% faster)
def test_escaped_quote_at_start_of_string():
"""Test with escaped quote at the very start of string content."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"\"hello"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.78μs -> 2.56μs (30.2% slower)
def test_escaped_quote_at_end_of_string():
"""Test with escaped quote at the very end of string content."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"hello\""'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.80μs -> 2.56μs (29.4% slower)
def test_adjacent_strings():
"""Test with adjacent strings (no spaces between them)."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"first""second"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.60μs -> 2.69μs (3.02% slower)
def test_backslash_at_end_of_code():
"""Test with backslash at the very end of code (no character after)."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"text\\'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.69μs -> 1.55μs (8.94% faster)
def test_single_backslash_outside_string():
"""Test backslash outside of string context."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = 'x = \\n "hello"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.29μs -> 2.62μs (13.0% slower)
def test_escaped_backslash_before_quote():
"""Test escaped backslash immediately before a quote character."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'x = "\\"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.90μs -> 2.67μs (28.8% slower)
def test_multiple_consecutive_escapes():
"""Test multiple consecutive escape sequences."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"\\\\\\n"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.76μs -> 1.99μs (11.5% slower)
def test_quote_escaped_by_preceding_backslash():
"""Test that a quote preceded by single backslash is not treated as string terminator."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"text\" more"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.11μs -> 2.54μs (16.9% slower)
def test_three_consecutive_backslashes():
"""Test three consecutive backslashes (second and third form escape pair)."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"text\\\""'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.86μs -> 2.69μs (30.8% slower)
def test_all_three_quote_types_in_sequence():
"""Test code containing all three quote types in sequence."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"a" + \'b\' + `c`'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.88μs -> 3.79μs (24.1% slower)
def test_string_with_only_escaped_backslash():
"""Test string containing only escaped backslash."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"\\"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.34μs -> 2.16μs (37.9% slower)
def test_code_with_string_at_various_positions():
"""Test strings at beginning, middle, and end of code."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"start" + middle + "end"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 3.10μs -> 3.59μs (13.7% slower)
def test_quote_preceded_by_non_backslash():
"""Test that quotes preceded by non-backslash characters are not treated as escaped."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = 'a"hello"b'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.01μs -> 2.30μs (12.6% slower)
def test_very_long_string():
"""Test with a very long string to ensure proper span calculation."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
long_content = "x" * 1000
code = f'"{long_content}"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 59.3μs -> 2.26μs (2519% faster)
def test_string_with_regex_like_pattern():
"""Test string containing regex-like content (should be treated as plain string)."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"[a-z]+\d{2}"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.22μs -> 1.93μs (15.0% faster)
def test_nested_quote_pairs():
"""Test that quotes of different types can appear inside strings."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '''"`'nested'`"'''
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.88μs -> 1.98μs (4.99% slower)
def test_many_short_strings():
"""Test with 100 short strings to verify scalability."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Build code with many short strings: "a" + "b" + "c" + ...
parts = [f'"{chr(97 + i % 26)}"' for i in range(100)]
code = " + ".join(parts)
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 46.0μs -> 53.3μs (13.8% slower)
# All strings should have same length (3 chars each, content span 1-3)
for i, (start, end) in enumerate(zip(starts, ends)):
pass
def test_many_long_strings():
"""Test with 50 longer strings."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Create 50 strings of 20 characters each
parts = [f'"{chr(97 + i % 26) * 20}"' for i in range(50)]
code = " + ".join(parts)
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 80.3μs -> 27.9μs (188% faster)
# Each string has 20 characters of content
for start, end in zip(starts, ends):
pass
def test_alternating_quote_types_large():
"""Test with 100 strings alternating between three quote types."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
quotes = ['"', "'", "`"]
parts = []
for i in range(100):
quote = quotes[i % 3]
content = f"str{i}"
parts.append(f"{quote}{content}{quote}")
code = " + ".join(parts)
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 73.0μs -> 54.6μs (33.8% faster)
def test_dense_escaped_sequences():
"""Test string with many consecutive escaped characters."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Create a string with many escaped characters: "\\" repeated
code = '"' + (r'\\' * 100) + '"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 7.42μs -> 13.2μs (43.8% slower)
def test_alternating_escaped_and_unescaped():
"""Test string alternating between escaped and unescaped patterns."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Pattern: \\ + regular char + \\ + regular char ... (1000 iterations)
pattern = (r'\\' + 'x') * 500
code = f'"{pattern}"'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 65.2μs -> 2.21μs (2843% faster)
def test_many_strings_with_mixed_escapes():
"""Test 100 strings each containing various escape sequences."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
parts = []
for i in range(100):
# Each string: "before\nafter"
escaped_content = f"line{i}" + r"\n" + f"line{i+1}"
parts.append(f'"{escaped_content}"')
code = " + ".join(parts)
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 122μs -> 53.9μs (127% faster)
def test_deeply_nested_quote_patterns():
"""Test code with multiple levels of string nesting patterns."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Create a pattern like: "a'b`c'd"e'f"
# Each quote type is used inside other quote types
code = '''"a'b`c'd"e'f"g`h'i"j'''
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 3.17μs -> 3.49μs (9.21% slower)
def test_1000_character_code_with_strings():
"""Test with ~1000 character code containing multiple strings."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Build code: const str1 = "content1"; const str2 = "content2"; ... (repeated)
code_parts = []
for i in range(50):
code_parts.append(f'const str{i} = "content{i}";')
code = " ".join(code_parts)
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 85.8μs -> 65.0μs (32.0% faster)
def test_string_positions_validity():
"""Test that all computed string positions are valid indices."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = 'const a = "first"; let b = \'second\'; var c = `third`;'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 5.06μs -> 5.30μs (4.53% slower)
# Verify all positions are valid
for start, end in zip(starts, ends):
pass
def test_string_contents_extraction():
"""Test that computed spans correctly identify string contents."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = 'var x = "hello world";'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.75μs -> 2.71μs (1.10% faster)
# Extract using computed spans and verify
for start, end in zip(starts, ends):
content = code[start:end]
def test_performance_with_many_escaped_quotes():
"""Test performance with code containing many escaped quotes."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
# Create 100 strings, each with 10 escaped quotes inside
parts = []
for i in range(100):
content = r'\"' * 10
parts.append(f'"{content}"')
code = " + ".join(parts)
# Should complete quickly even with complex escape handling
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 111μs -> 301μs (63.2% slower)
def test_quote_at_position_zero():
"""Test string that starts at position 0."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = '"start of code'
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 2.11μs -> 1.63μs (29.5% faster)
def test_consecutive_escape_pairs_at_boundary():
"""Test escape sequences right at string boundaries."""
func_opt = create_function_to_optimize()
transformer = ExpectCallTransformer(func_opt, "capture")
code = r'"\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"' # Many escaped backslashes before closing quote
starts, ends = transformer._compute_string_spans(code) # 1.99μs -> 3.58μs (44.3% slower)
# codeflash_output is used to check that the output of the original code is the same as that of the optimized code.To test or edit this optimization locally git merge codeflash/optimize-pr1469-2026-02-12T17.18.54
Click to see suggested changes
Suggested change
| i += 1 | |
| # Scan until closing quote or end | |
| while i < n: | |
| c = code[i] | |
| if c == "\\" and i + 1 < n: | |
| i += 2 | |
| continue | |
| if c == quote_char: | |
| i += 1 | |
| break | |
| i += 1 | |
| end = i # position after closing quote or n if not closed | |
| search_pos = start | |
| while True: | |
| q = code.find(quote_char, search_pos) | |
| if q == -1: | |
| end = n | |
| i = n | |
| break | |
| p = q - 1 | |
| backslash_count = 0 | |
| while p >= start and code[p] == "\\": | |
| backslash_count += 1 | |
| p -= 1 | |
| if backslash_count % 2 == 1: | |
| search_pos = q + 1 | |
| continue | |
| end = q + 1 | |
| i = end | |
| break | |
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⚡️ This pull request contains optimizations for PR #1318
If you approve this dependent PR, these changes will be merged into the original PR branch
fix/js-jest30-loop-runner.📄 6,675% (66.75x) speedup for
ExpectCallTransformer.transformincodeflash/languages/javascript/instrument.py⏱️ Runtime :
789 milliseconds→11.6 milliseconds(best of137runs)📝 Explanation and details
The optimized code achieves a 6,675% speedup (from 789ms to 11.6ms) by replacing an expensive O(n²) pattern with an O(n log n) approach for detecting whether regex matches occur inside string literals.
Original Performance Bottleneck:
The original code called
is_inside_string(code, pos)for every regex match found. This function linearly scanned from position 0 toposeach time, checking character-by-character whether the position was inside a string literal. Line profiler showsis_inside_stringconsumed ~10 seconds (99.6% of total time intransform), with ~14.6 million character checks across all calls.Key Optimization:
The optimized version introduces two new methods:
_compute_string_spans(code)- Performs a single O(n) pass over the entire source code at the start oftransform(), identifying all string literal regions and storing them as sorted(start, end)span lists_pos_inside_spans(pos, starts, ends)- Usesbisect.bisect_right()to perform O(log n) binary search lookups against the precomputed spansWhy This Works:
Test Results Show Clear Pattern:
The optimization is particularly effective for the tool's primary use case: instrumenting JavaScript test files with many
expect()calls, where the original quadratic behavior became prohibitively expensive.✅ Correctness verification report:
🌀 Click to see Generated Regression Tests
To edit these changes
git checkout codeflash/optimize-pr1318-2026-02-12T16.50.31and push.